Emkhathini kunenqwaba yemithala esakazeke endaweni yonke. Enye yazo etholakala kumlaza we-Big Dipper umthala M101, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Pinwheel galaxy. Inezici ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi itholakala eminyakeni yokukhanya eyizigidi ezingama-21 ukusuka eMhlabeni. Kungumthala ovunguzayo okufanele wazi.
Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana ne-galaxy M101, izici zayo nokubaluleka kwayo.
Izici eziyinhloko
Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu zomthala i-M101 ukwakheka kwawo okuzungezayo okuchazwe kahle, okunezingalo ezivunguzayo ezisuka phakathi kwawo. Lezi zingalo ezizungezayo zakhiwe inani elikhulu lezinkanyezi, igesi nothuli, futhi kukholakala ukuthi zinyakaza njalo, okunomthelela ekubukekeni okuhlukile komthala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-M101 inkulu kakhulu, ene isilinganiso seminyaka yokukhanya elinganiselwa ku-170,000, okuwenza ube mkhulu kakhulu kunomthala wethu i-Milky Way.
I-Pinwheel Galaxy nayo yaziwa ngezinga layo eliphezulu lomsebenzi wokwakheka kwezinkanyezi. Ngaphakathi kwezingalo zayo ezizungezayo kunezifunda ezenza izinkanyezi lapho izinkanyezi ezintsha zikhiqizwa khona ngegesi ephakathi kwezinkanyezi nothuli. Lokhu kungenxa yokusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi kanye nokucindezelwa kwezinto ezikulezi zingalo, okubangela ukwakheka kwezinkanyezi ezinkulu namaqoqo ezinkanyezi ezincane.
Esinye isici esibalulekile somthala i-M101 umlando wawo njengento yokubuka. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, bekulokhu kuhloswe ngakho izibonakude kanye nezimboni zasemkhathini, eye yavumela izithombe ezinemininingwane kanye nedatha ebalulekile yesayensi ukuthi itholakale. Lokhu kuye kwaba negalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni kwethu ukwakheka nokuvela kwemithala ezungezayo endaweni yonke.
Ukutholwa kwe-galaxy M101
I-Pinwheel Galaxy Yatholwa ngoMashi 27, 1781 yisazi sezinkanyezi saseFrance uPierre Méchain, umhlanganyeli kaCharles Messier, owayichaza njengenebula engenankanyezi, emnyama futhi engabonakali. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, wabikela uMessi ngalokhu okutholakele futhi wakufaka ohlwini lwakhe lwe-101. Kodwa uWilliam Parsons, u-Earl waseRoss, wasebenzisa isibonakude esikhulu seLeviathan eParsonstown ngo-1851 ukuze achaze ukwakheka okuzungezayo kwe-M101 (njenge-M51, umthala ozungezayo). Nokho, kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-XNUMX, lezi zinto zazichazwa njengemithala ngokusobala okungeyona eyeMilky Way futhi ekude kakhulu.
I-Pinwheel Galaxy itholakala esibhakabhakeni se-Big Dipper eduze kakhulu nezinkanyezi zayo zokuqala ezimbili (noma zokugcina), u-Alkaid no-Mizar, ezimbili zokugcina ezisemsileni we-Big Dipper noma izingcezu zokuqala ezidumile ze-Great Group Izinkanyezi.. Iqhele ngeminyaka yokukhanya eyizigidi ezingama-27.
Ezinye izici ze-Galaxy M101
I-M101 iwumthala omkhulu (owubukhulu obuphindwe kabili kuno-Milky Way) oyingxenye yeQembu le-M101, elikhulu kunawo wonke nelikhanya kakhulu emaqenjini ambalwa omthala. Eqinisweni, i-asymmetry ye-Pinwheel galaxy ibonakala ibangelwa ukusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi nale mithala emincane. Le-asymmetry ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi yagqugquzela ukufakwa kwayo ku-Special Atlas of Galaxies, enenombolo engu-Arp 26. Ine- ubukhulu obubonakalayo buka-7,8, ukukhanya okungaphezulu okungu-14,8 mag/min arc2, kanye nosayizi obonakalayo ongu-29′ x 27′.
Omunye umphumela wokusebenzelana kwamandla adonsela phansi kwe-M101 nemithala yayo yesathelayithi inani elikhulu lalokho okubizwa ngokuthi izifunda ze-HII ezisabalele ezingalweni zayo ezizungezayo. Lezi zifunda zingamafu amakhulu egesi, empeleni i-hydrogen, i-ionized (i-plasma) futhi ikhanya kakhulu, lapho ukwakheka kwenkanyezi okunamandla kwenzeka. Ngo-2011, inkanyezi enkulu ku-M101 yaqeda impilo yayo ngokuqhumisa i-supernova, futhi inkanyezi yaqanjwa ngokuthi SN 2011fe. Eqinisweni, inkanyezi ayizange iqhume ngo-2011, kodwa eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-27 edlule, okuyisikhathi esasithatha ukuze ukukhanya okuvela ekuqhumeni kwezinkanyezi kufinyelele kithi.
Ukubaluleka kwe-Pinwheel Galaxy
Ukubaluleka komthala i-M101 emkhakheni wesayensi yezinkanyezi kubalulekile ngenxa yezizathu eziningana:
- Ukuqonda ukwakheka kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwemithala ezungezayo: I-M101 ilabhorethri ye-cosmic efanelekile yokufunda imithala ezungezayo. Ukwakheka kwayo okucacile kanye nezingalo ezizungezayo ezichazwe kahle kunikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nendlela imithala yalolu hlobo eyakha futhi iguquke ngayo. Ososayensi bangakwazi ukuhlaziya izici zabo ezibonakalayo, ukuguquguquka kwezingalo zabo ezizungezayo kanye nokuziphatha kokwakheka kwezinkanyezi ngokuningiliziwe ukuze bathole ukuqonda ngezinqubo eziyisisekelo.
- Ukufunda ngokwakheka kwenkanyezi: Izinga eliphezulu lokwakheka kwezinkanyezi ku-M101 livumela izazi zezinkanyezi ukuthi zibheke futhi ziqonde kangcono izindlela ezibangela ukudalwa kwezinkanyezi ezintsha. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukucwaninga kwezifunda ezenza izinkanyezi, ukusatshalaliswa kwegesi nothuli, nokuthi ukuziphendukela kwezinkanyezi kuwuthinta kanjani umthala uwonke.
- I-Cosmology nebanga le-extragalactic: Ucwaningo lwayo kanye nokukalwa okunembile kwebanga layo kube semqoka ekulinganiseni izikali zebanga le-cosmic. Lokhu kusiza izazi zezinkanyezi zilinganisele ngokunembe kakhudlwana amabanga aya kweminye imithala futhi ziqonde kangcono ukwanda komkhathi.
- Ithuluzi lokuhlola amamodeli wetiyori: Ukubhekwa kwe-M101 kuvumela izazi zezinkanyezi ukuthi zihlole futhi ziconge amamodeli wetiyori wokubunjwa kwe-galactic nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Idatha eqoqwe kulo mthala isetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kwezifaniso zekhompyutha ezizama ukuphindaphinda izinqubo zezinkanyezi endaweni yonke.
Imithala nezinto ezimnyama
I-Dark matter iwuhlobo lwento engabonakali eyakha ingxenye enkulu yendawo yonke futhi yakha isakhiwo sayo esingaphansi. Empeleni, Emkhathini, u-4,6% uyindaba evamile, u-23% uyindaba emnyama, kanti u-72,4% ungamandla amnyama.. Amandla adonsela phansi ezinto ezimnyama avumela into evamile esesimweni segesi nothuli ukuba yenze izinkanyezi nemithala.
Ososayensi babala ubuningi bezinto ezinkulu ngokuhlola ukunyakaza kwazo emkhathini. Ngenkathi izazi zezinkanyezi zifunda ngemithala ezungezayo ngeminyaka yawo-1950, zazilindele ukuthola ukuthi izinto ezisezindaweni zihamba ngokushesha kunodaba olusemaphethelweni angaphandle. Kunalokho, Bathola ukuthi izinkanyezi ezikuzo zombili lezi zindawo zazizungeza ngesivinini esifanayo, okusikisela ukuthi lo mthala wawunobuningi obungaphezu kokubonwa ngeso lenyama.. Ucwaningo lwegesi ngaphakathi kwemithala eyi-elliptical luphinde lwabonisa ukuthi izinto ezinkulu kakhulu kunalezo ezibonakalayo ziyadingeka. Uma okuwukuphela kwenqwaba equkethwe kuqoqo lomthala ibonakala ngezilinganiso ezivamile zezinkanyezi, iqoqo lomthala lizohlakazeka.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nomthala we-M101 nezici zawo.