Mayelana nendawo yonke ekuhloleni umkhathi, kunemiqondo emibili evame ukudida umphakathi. Lena imiqondo ye-astronaut ne-cosmonaut, nakuba ngokwesimiso ibonakala ifana, kodwa ngamanye amazwi, ngayinye ibhekisela entweni ehlukile. Yena umsuka wamagama athi i-astronaut ne-cosmonaut umehluko omkhulu.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela umsuka wamagama we-astronaut ne-cosmonaut, izici zawo kanye nomlando othile.
Umsuka wamagama athi i-astronaut ne-cosmonaut
Womabili la magama asetshenziselwa ukubhekisela kubantu abahamba emkhathini, kodwa avela ezimweni ezihlukene zezilimi ngenxa yomlando wokuhlolwa komkhathi yizizwe ezahlukene.
Igama elithi "astronaut" lisuka esiGrekini sasendulo. Igama elithi "astron" lisho "inkanyezi," futhi elithi "nautēs" lihumusha ngokuthi "itilosi" noma "itilosi." Ngakho-ke, Usonkanyezi, empeleni, “uyinkanyezi.” Leli gama laduma e-United States ngesikhathi seminyaka yawo-1960, lapho i-NASA iqala ukuthumela osomkhathi bayo emkhathini.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, igama elithi "cosmonaut" livela esiRashiya. NgesiRashiya, elithi "kosmos" lisho "isikhala," futhi elithi "nauta" (elifana nelithi "nautēs" ngesiGreki) lisho itilosi noma umhambi. Ngakho, I-cosmonaut ichazwa ngokuthi "i-space navigator". Leli gama lamukelwa eSoviet Union phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, lapho inhlangano yasemkhathini yaseSoviet (manje eyiRoscosmos) ithumela abantu bokuqala emkhathini, njengoYuri Gagarin.
Yini ebangela la magama?
Ngokulandelayo, osomkhathi bangosomkhathi ohambweni lwase-China. Leli gama liphelele kakhulu ngoba Igama elisha elihlanganisa igama lesiShayina elithi "tàikōng" elisho "isikhala.". Ngokwezinye izikhombo, leli igama elisha.
Ngokungangabazeki, la magama ahlukene akhona ngenxa yezinkinga zolimi. Nokho, akulona iphutha ngokuphelele ukucabanga ukuthi lokhu kusetshenziswa kuhlobene nomjaho wasemkhathini. Akungatshazwa ukuthi lokhu kubukeka kuhlobene kakhulu nendaba yokuncintisana phakathi kwamazwe.
Umuntu wokuqala owaya emkhathini kwaba umRashiya, yingakho igama elithi "cosmonaut." Ngokuphambene nalokho, abantu baseMelika banquma ukubiza onjiniyela babo nezisebenzi zabo ngosonkanyezi. Lo mehluko ungaba umphumela womjaho wasemkhathini phakathi kwe-United States neSoviet Union.
Konke lokhu kwenzeka phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, isikhathi sokuziphindiselela phakathi kwamazwe womabili. Kunalokho, ngo-2008, usomkhathi walelo zwe wasebenzisa igama lesiShayina. Manje uyazi ukuthi i-astronaut, i-cosmonaut kanye nomkhathi bayinto efanayo kodwa emazweni ahlukene.
Osomkhathi abahamba phambili kanye nama-cosmonauts emlandweni
Laba osomkhathi abahamba phambili nama-cosmonauts emlandweni:
- Yuri gagarin (I-Cosmonaut): U-Yuri Gagarin, usosmonaut waseSoviet, waba ngumuntu wokuqala ukuhamba emkhathini ngo-April 12, 1961, egibele umkhumbi-mkhathi i-Vostok 1. Ukwenza kwakhe kwaphawula ingqopha-mlando emjahweni wasemkhathini futhi kwamenza waba yisithombe somuntu oyedwa. ukuhlola indawo.
- Neil Armstrong (Astronaut): U-Neil Armstrong wayengumkhuzi wemishini ye-Apollo 11, eyahlala eNyangeni ngoJulayi 20, 1969. U-Armstrong waba ngumuntu wokuqala ukuhamba phezu kwenyanga futhi washo amagama adumile: "Isinyathelo esisodwa" esincane. kumuntu, umdondoshiya oyedwa ugxumela isintu."
- Valentina Tereshkova (I-Cosmonaut): U-Valentina Tereshkova, naye ovela eSoviet Union, wayengowesifazane wokuqala ukuhamba emkhathini. Wakwenza lokho emkhunjini weVostok 6 ngoJuni 1963. Umsebenzi wakhe wavula umnyango wokuhlola indawo kwabesifazane esikhathini esizayo.
- John Glenn (Astronaut): UJohn Glenn, usomkhathi waseMelika, waba umMelika wokuqala ukuzungeza Umhlaba ngo-1962 egibele umkhumbi-mkhathi i-Friendship 7. Ukwengeza, ngo-1998, u-Glenn waba umuntu omdala kunabo bonke owahamba emkhathini eneminyaka engu-77 ubudala.
- Christa McAuliffe (I-Astronaut): Nakuba umsebenzi wakhe ungakaze uqedwe ngenxa yenhlekelele ye-shuttle Challenger ngo-1986, u-Christa McAuliffe wathola indawo emlandweni njengothisha wokuqala waseMelika okhethwe ukuya emkhathini njengengxenye yohlelo luka-NASA lukaThisha Emkhathini. Ukulahlekelwa kwabo okudabukisayo kwakuyisikhumbuzo sezingozi ezihlobene nokuhlola indawo.
- Peggy Whitson (Astronaut): U-Peggy Whitson, usomkhathi weNASA, uphethe amarekhodi amaningana emkhathini, okuhlanganisa nerekhodi lesikhathi eside esiqoqwe emkhathini ngumuntu waseMelika. Wachitha izinsuku ezingu-665 ezungeza phakathi nohambo oluhlukahlukene lwasemkhathini, waba nesandla esikhulu ocwaningweni lwesayensi lwe-International Space Station (ISS).
Ukwamukelwa komsuka wamagama athi osomkhathi nosomkhathi
Ukwamukelwa komphakathi kwamagama athi "astronaut" nelithi "cosmonaut" kungahluka kuye ngesimo samasiko nezwe, futhi ngokuvamile kubonisa umlando kanye nefa lokuhlola indawo ezweni elithile noma esifundeni. Ngenjwayelo, Womabili amagama amukelwa kabanzi futhi asetshenziswa ezingxoxweni eziningi nezimo ezihlobene nokuhlola indawo.
E-United States nasemazweni amaningi akhuluma isiNgisi, elithi "astronaut" igama elivame ukusetshenziswa ukuchaza abantu abahamba emkhathini. Lokhu kungenxa yethonya le-NASA kanye nokuvelela kosomkhathi baseMelika emlandweni wokuhlolwa komkhathi, ikakhulukazi phakathi nemishini yohlelo lwe-Apollo.
ERussia nasemazweni akhuluma isiRashiya, kanye nakwezinye izizwe ezaziyingxenye yezwe elaliyiSoviet Union, igama elithi “cosmonaut” yigama elithandwayo. Lokhu kungenxa yesiko lokuhlola indawo yaseSoviet neRussia, okukhiqize ama-cosmonauts amaningi aphawulekayo, njengoYuri Gagarin.
Kwamanye amazwe, njengeShayina, amagama alinganayo asetshenziswa ezilimini zawo ukuze kuchazwe abantu abahamba emkhathini. Ngokwesibonelo, NgesiShayina, igama elithi "taikonauta" lisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela kosomkhathi baseShayina.
Mayelana nokungqubuzana okuzungeze lawa magama, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi okuthandwayo kokuthi "usomkhathi" noma "i-cosmonaut" ngokuvamile kusekelwe esikweni nomlando we-ejensi yasemkhathini yezwe ngalinye. Ngokuvamile azidali izingxabano ezinkulu emphakathini wamazwe ngamazwe, njengoba zibhekwa njengezilingana futhi zamukelwa ezimweni eziningi.
Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izikhathi, amagama angasetshenziswa ngendlela yokuntela noma yokuncintisana kumongo wezombangazwe noma wezemidlalo, njengoba kwenzeka phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi phakathi kwe-United States neSoviet Union. Lezi ziqephu zokuncintisana zazifanekisela ukwedlula ezangempela futhi azizange zithinte ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ekuhloleni indawo.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nemvelaphi yamagama athi i-astronaut ne-cosmonaut.