e
Kuwo wonke umlando, abantu baye bakhangwa ukuze bathole ukuqonda inkimbinkimbi yezwe elisizungezile. Ekuqaleni kwakukholelwa ukuthi zonke izinto zingancishiswa zibe izakhi ezine eziyisisekelo: amanzi, umhlaba, umlilo nomoya. Nokho, njengoba amasu okuhlola ayethuthuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwaba sobala ukuthi uhlobo lwendaba luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili. Ngakho-ke isidingo sokuhlela izakhi zamakhemikhali kanye nethebula le-periodic. I umlando wethebula le-periodic Ihlanganisa yonke into kusukela kumsuka kuya ekulungisweni esinakho namuhla.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela umlando wethebula le-periodic kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okungaguquki elibe nakho kuwo wonke umlando.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ithebula le-periodic ligcwalisa imisebenzi eminingi emkhakheni wamakhemikhali. Kuyithuluzi elihlela futhi lihlele zonke izakhi ezaziwayo ngokusekelwe esakhiweni sazo se-athomu kanye nezakhiwo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, Isiza osokhemisi babikezele ukuziphatha kwezakhi kanye nokusabela kwazo nezinye izakhi. Ukwengeza, ithebula le-periodic linikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nezakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zezakhi, okuhlanganisa inombolo yazo ye-athomu, uphawu, nesisindo se-athomu. Kuphinde kube yinsiza ebalulekile yokuhlonza nokuqamba izakhi ezintsha ezitholakele. Ngokuvamile, ithebula le-periodic lihlala liyingxenye eyisisekelo nebalulekile yocwaningo lwamakhemikhali.
Ekuqaleni yadalwa nguDimitri Mendeleev, usokhemisi waseRussia ngo-1869. Kubhekwa kabanzi njengesambulo esibaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wamakhemikhali. Ukuhleleka okuyinkimbinkimbi kwama-elementi kusize ikhono lokulindela ukutholwa kwezakhi zamanoveli, kuyilapho kuvumela ukuphishekela uphenyo lwethiyori ezakhiweni ezazingahloliwe ngaphambilini.
Ithebula le-periodic okwamanje lakhiwe ngezinto eziyi-118, ezihlelwe zaba imigqa eyisikhombisa evundlile eyaziwa ngokuthi "izikhathi" kanye namakholomu aqondile angu-18 abizwa ngokuthi "amaqembu." U-Dimitri Mendeleev, usokhemisi waseRussia, uthathwa njengengxenye ebalulekile emlandweni wamakhemikhali. nakuba engakaze athole uMklomelo KaNobel. Njengokuhlonipha iminikelo yakhe, i-chemical element enenombolo ye-athomu engu-101 etafuleni le-periodic yaqanjwa ngokuthi i-mendelevium (Md) ngo-1955.
Umlando wethebula le-periodic
Ukuqanjwa kwethebula le-periodic kwaba umphumela wokuqoqwa kancane kancane kolwazi kanye nokutholwayo kukhemistri. Ngo-1789, u-Antoine Lavoisier washicilela uhlu lwezinto ezingu-33 encwadini yakhe ethi Elementary Treatise of Chemistry. Ngo-1817, U-Johann Döbereiner waphawula ukuthi ezinye izakhi zingahlelwa ngamasethi amathathu anezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezifanayo.
Kakade ngo-1862, u-Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois wahlela izakhi ngesilonda esizungeza isilinda ngokusekelwe ezisindweni zazo ze-athomu. Kamuva ngalowo nyaka, uJohn Newlands wahlongoza ukuba izakhi ziphinde izici zazo zonke izingxenye zesishiyagalombili, ezifana ne-octave yomculo. Ekugcineni, ngo-1869, u-Dimitri Mendeleev washicilela inguqulo yakhe ye-Periodic Table, ehlela izakhi ngokwandisa izisindo ze-athomu nokushiya izikhala zezakhi ezingatholakali. Leli lungiselelo lavumela uMendeleev ukuba abikezele izakhiwo zalezi zakhi ezingatholakali, okuholela ekutholakaleni kwe-gallium ne-germanium.
Umsuka neziqalo
Umsuka wale ndaba uhlehlela ezikhathini zasendulo, lapho izazi zefilosofi zangaphambi kukaSocrates ziqala ukuchaza izici ezine eziyisisekelo: amanzi, umlilo, umoya nomhlaba. Lezi ziphakamiso zokuqala zanwetshwa kamuva nguPlato no-Aristotle, abethula umbono wento yesihlanu eyaziwa ngokuthi i-quintessence noma i-ether. Insimu ye-alchemy, enomfanekiso wayo ohamba phambili i-Paracelsus, yakhelwe phezu kwale mibono futhi yethula imibono ye-transmutation kanye nethiyori yesibabule ne-mercury. I-elementi entsha, usawoti, nayo yengeziwe kule ngxube, futhi ukutholakala kwe-zinc kwathuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu lezi zingxenye ezibalulekile.
Ngekhulu le-1817, ososayensi emkhakheni wamakhemikhali baqala ukuhlukanisa izakhi ngokusekelwe ezicini ezabiwe zezakhiwo zabo ezingokomzimba namakhemikhali. Phakathi nenkathi esukela ku-1829 kuya ku-XNUMX, usokhemisi waseJalimane uJohan Dobereiner wenza intuthuko ekuhlukaniseni izakhi ezithile zibe ngamaqembu amathathu. La maqembu ayebizwa ngokuthi ama-triad ngenxa yokufana kwezakhi zawo zamakhemikhali. Omunye walabo abathathu Yakhiwe nge-chlorine (Cl), i-bromine (Br) ne-iodine (I). U-Dobereiner waphawula ukuthi isisindo se-athomu se-bromine sasifana ngokumangalisayo nesisindo esimaphakathi sakho kokubili i-chlorine ne-iodine.
Ngeshwa, ukuqoqwa kwazo zonke izici zibe unxantathu akuzange kube yimpumelelo futhi imizamo eyenziwa yokuphakamisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezakhi yayinganele.
Ukuvela komlando wethebula le-periodic
Ngo-1862, isazi sokuma komhlaba saseFrance okuthiwa u-Chancourtois sathola iphethini ye-periodicity phakathi kwezakhi zetafula. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, uChancourtois wahlangana noNewlands, usokhemisi oyiNgisi, ukuze bethule uMthetho We-Octaves, owawuthi izakhiwo ziphindaphinda zonke izici eziyisishiyagalombili. Nokho, Lo mthetho wawulinganiselwe kuma-elementi kuphela kuze kufike ku-calcium. Naphezu kokuntuleka kwayo, lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwabeka izisekelo zokuthuthukiswa kwethebula le-periodic.
Maphakathi nekhulu le-63, ososayensi base behlonze izakhi ezihlukene ezingu-1860, kodwa ukuvumelana kwakungekho phakathi kosokhemisi mayelana nokuhlukaniswa nokuhlelwa kwalezi zakhi. I-International Congress of Chemists yokuqala, eyabanjelwe eKarlsruhe, eJalimane, ngo-XNUMX, yayihloselwe ukuphendula le mibuzo futhi yabonakala ingumcimbi omkhulu.
Engqungqutheleni, uStanislao Cannizzaro, usokhemisi wase-Italy, ichaze ngokucacile umqondo wesisindo se-athomu, okuyisisindo se-athomu esihlobene se-elementi. Umsebenzi wabo ukhuthaze abahlanganyeli abathathu benkomfa abasebasha, uWilliam Odling, uJulius Lothar Meyer, noDimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, ukuthi bakhe amathebula okuqala aphelele ezinto zokuhlela.
Ngo-1869, uDimitri Mendeleev, usokhemisi waseRussia, wanyathelisa ithebula lakhe lokuqala lezakhi ze-athomu, elihlelwe ngendlela ekhuphukayo yesisindo se-athomu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, usokhemisi waseJalimane ogama lakhe lingu-Lothar Meyer washicilela ithebula lakhe le-periodic, kodwa ngama-elementi a-odwe ukusuka kwephansi kakhulu kuya kwephezulu kakhulu kwe-athomu. I Itafula likaMendeleev lakhiwe ngokuvundlile, enezikhala ezibekelwe izakhi ezazisazotholwa ngaleso sikhathi.
Umnikelo kaMendeleev emkhakheni we-chemistry wawuguquguquka ngempela. Wenza izibikezelo futhi washiya izikhala kuthebula le-periodic lezinto ezazingakatholakali, okuhlanganisa i-gallium (1875), i-scandium (1879), i-germanium (1887), ne-technetium (1937). Ngo-1913, usokhemisi oyiNgisi ogama lakhe lingu-Henry Moseley wenza izifundo ze-X-ray ukuze anqume ukushaja kwenyukliya noma inombolo ye-athomu yento ngayinye. Esebenzisa le ndlela, wakwazi ukuhlukanisa izakhi ngokulandelana okukhuphukayo kwenombolo ye-athomu, isimiso esisasetshenziswa nanamuhla.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nomlando wethebula le-periodic kanye nokuvela kwalo.