Enye ye izingqimba zomkhathi okusivikelayo yi umkhathi. Kuyisifunda esiqukethe inani elikhulu lama-athomu nama-molecule akhokhiswa ugesi. Lezi zinhlayiya ezikhokhisiwe zenziwa ngenxa yemisebe evela emkhathini, ikakhulukazi enkanyezini yethu iLanga. Le radiation ishaya ama-athomu angathathi hlangothi nama-molecule omoya asemkhathini futhi igcina ngokuwakhokhisa ugesi. I-ionosphere ibaluleke kakhulu kubantu futhi, ngakho-ke, sizonikezela konke lokhu okuthunyelwe kuyo.
Sizochaza konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nezici, ukusebenza nokubaluleka kwe-ionosphere.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ngenkathi iLanga likhanya ngokuqhubekayo, ngesikhathi sokwenza kwalo likhiqiza inani elikhulu lemisebe kagesi. Le radiation ishaya izingqimba zeplanethi yethu, ishaja ama-athomu nama-molecule ngogesi. Lapho zonke izinhlayiya sezikhokhisiwe, ungqimba lwakha amafonti esiwabiza ngokuthi yi-ionosphere. Lolu ungqimba lutholakala phakathi kwe-mesosphere, i-thermosphere ne-exosphere.
Okungaphezulu noma okuncane ungabona ukuthi iqala ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-50 ngaphezu kobuso bomhlaba. Yize iqala kuleli phuzu, lapho iphelela ngokwengeziwe futhi ibaluleke ngaphezu kwe-80 km. Ezifundeni esisezingxenyeni ezingenhla ze-ionosphere singabona amakhulukhulu wamakhilomitha ngaphezu kobuso anweba amashumi ezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha emkhathini yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi i-magnetosphere. I-magnetosphere ungqimba lomkhathi esiwubiza ngale ndlela ngenxa yokuziphatha kwawo ngenxa ye- Amandla kazibuthe omhlaba nokwenza kweLanga kuye.
I-ionosphere ne-magnetosphere zihlobene ngamacala ezinhlayiya. Elinye linamashaji kagesi kanti elinye linamacala kazibuthe.
Izinhla ze-ionosphere
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, yize i-ionosphere iqala ngamakhilomitha angama-50, inezendlalelo ezihlukile ngokuya ngobuningi nokwakheka kwama-ion ayenzayo. Phambilini, i-ionosphere bekucatshangwa ukuthi yakhiwa izingqimba ezahlukahlukene ezahlukaniswa ezazikhonjwa ngohlamvu D, E, no-F. Isendlalelo se-F sehlukaniswe izifunda ezimbili ezinemininingwane eminingi okungama-F1 no-F2. Njengamanje, kunolwazi oluningi lwe-ionosphere ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe futhi kuyaziwa ukuthi lezi zingqimba azihlukile kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukuze ungenzi abantu babe nesiyezi, uhlelo lokuqala olwalunakho ekuqaleni luyagcinwa.
Sizohlaziya ngokwengxenye izingqimba ezahlukahlukene ze-ionosphere ukubona ngokuningiliziwe ukwakheka nokubaluleka kwazo.
Isifunda D
Kuyingxenye ephansi kunazo zonke ze-ionosphere. Ifinyelela ebangeni eliphakathi kwamakhilomitha angama-70 nama-90. Isifunda sakwa-D sinezici ezihlukile kusuka ezifundeni ze-E ne-F. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-electron awo amahhala anyamalala cishe ngokuphelele ebusuku. Zivame ukunyamalala njengoba zihlangana nama-oxygen ions ukwakha ama-molecule e-oxygen angathathi hlangothi kagesi.
Isifunda E
Lolu ungqimba olwaziwa nangokuthi iKennekky-Heaviside. Leli gama linikezwe ukuhlonipha unjiniyela waseMelika u-Arthur E. Kennelly kanye nesazi semvelo saseNgilandi u-Oliver Heaviside. Lolu ungqimba ludlulela ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi kusuka kuma-90 km, lapho ungqimba D luphelela ku-160 km. Kunomehluko ocacile nesifunda se-D futhi lokho ukuthi i-ionization ihlala ubusuku bonke. Kumele kushiwo ukuthi kuncishisiwe impela.
Isifunda F
Inokuphakama okulinganiselwa kusuka ku-160 km kuye ekugcineni. Kuyingxenye enokuhlushwa okuphezulu kwama-electron wamahhala ngoba isondele kakhulu elangeni. Ngakho-ke, ibona imisebe eminingi. Izinga layo le-ionization alinalo ushintsho olukhulu ebusuku, ngoba kukhona ushintsho ekusatshalalisweni kwama-ion. Phakathi nosuku singabona izingqimba ezimbili: ungqimba oluncane olwaziwa njenge-F1 oluphakeme phezulu, nolunye ungqimba oluphezulu lwe-ionized olwaziwa njenge-F2. Ebusuku zombili zihlanganisiwe ezingeni lesendlalelo se-F2, esaziwa njenge-Appleton.
Indima nokubaluleka kwe-ionosphere
Kwabaningi, ukuba nengqimba yomkhathi ofakwe ugesi kungenzeka kungasho lutho. Kodwa-ke, i-ionosphere ibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ubuntu. Isibonelo, ngenxa yalolu ungqimba singakwazi ukusabalalisa amaza omsakazo ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene emhlabeni. Singathumela futhi amasiginali phakathi kweziphuphutheki noMhlaba.
Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kungani i-ionosphere ibalulekile kubantu kungenxa yokuthi isivikela emisebeni eyingozi evela emkhathini. Ngenxa ye-ionosphere singabona izenzakalo ezinhle zemvelo ezifana Izibani ZaseNyakatho. Iphinde ivikele iplanethi yethu emadlaneni asezulwini angena emkhathini. I-thermosphere isisiza ukuthi sizivikele futhi silawule ukushisa komhlaba ngokungenisa ingxenye yemisebe ye-UV kanye ne-X-ray ekhishwa yiLanga. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-exosphere iyindlela yokuqala yokuvikela phakathi kweplanethi nemisebe yelanga. .
Amazinga okushisa kule ungqimba odingeka kakhulu aphezulu kakhulu. Kwezinye izindawo singathola i-1.500 degrees Celsius. Kuleli zinga lokushisa, ngaphandle kokuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthi liphile, kungashisa zonke izinto zomuntu ezidlulayo. Yilokhu okwenza ingxenye enkulu yama-meteorite ehlasele iplanethi yethu ihlakazeke futhi yakhe izinkanyezi zokudubula. Futhi kuthi lapho la madwala ahlangana ne-ionosphere nokushisa okuphezulu lapho kutholakala khona kwezinye izindawo, sithola ukuthi into iba yisixakanxaka futhi izungezwe ngumlilo ize igcine ngokuwohloka.
Ungqimba oludingekayo kakhulu ukuze impilo yomuntu ikhule njengoba sazi namuhla. Ngalesi sizathu, kubalulekile ukumazi kahle futhi sifunde ngokuziphatha kwakhe, ngoba besingeke siphile ngaphandle kwakhe.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi nge-ionosphere.