Uyini umkhathi futhi kungani ubalulekile?

Emhlabeni wethu singaphila sibonga ungqimba lokwakheka okwehlukile kwamagesi azungeze umhlaba wonke. Lesi sendlalelo sihlala emhlabeni sibonga amandla adonsela phansi. Imayelana nomkhathi womhlaba futhi kunzima ukucacisa ngqo ubukhulu bayo, ngoba amagesi ayibumbayo ayajiyana ngobude, aze anyamalale cishe amakhilomitha angamakhulu ambalwa ukusuka ebusweni.

Umkhathi ufeza imisebenzi eyahlukahlukene yokuphila emhlabeni futhi ukube bekungekho, besingeke sikwazi ukuthola impilo njengoba siyazi. Ngabe ufuna ukwazi konke ngomkhathi?

Ukwakheka komkhathi

Umkhathi wakhiwe yinhlanganisela yamagesi, iningi lawo eligxile kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-homosphere, okusuka phansi kuze kufike kumakhilomitha angama-80-100 ukuphakama. Eqinisweni, lolu ungqimba luqukethe u-99,9% wesisindo esiphelele somkhathi.

Phakathi kwamagesi akha umkhathi, I-nitrogen (N2), i-Oxygen (O2), i-Argon (Ar), iCarbon Dioxide (CO2) kanye nomhwamuko wamanzi kufanele kuqokonyiswe. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ukugxila kwalawa magesi kuyahlukahluka ngobude, ukwahlukahluka komphunga wamanzi kukhulunywa kakhulu, okugxila ikakhulukazi ezingqimbeni eziseduze komhlaba.

Ukuba khona kwamagesi akha umoya kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni impilo eMhlabeni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-O2 ne-CO2 zivumela ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi ebalulekile yezilwane nezitshalo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba khona komphunga wamanzi ne-CO2, kuvumela amazinga okushisa eMhlabeni ukuthi anele ukuba khona impilo yonke. Umhwamuko wamanzi ne-CO2, kanye namanye amagesi amancane kakhulu njenge-methane noma i-ozone, yizona ezibizwa ngamagesi abamba ukushisa. Imisebe yelanga ingadlula kula magesi ngaphandle kobunzima, kepha imisebe ekhishwa nguMhlaba (ngemuva kokufudumeza ngamandla elanga) ithathwa ingxenye yayo, ngaphandle kokukwazi ukubalekela emkhathini ngokuphelele. Ngenxa yobukhona balo mphumela wokushisa okushisa, singaphila ngokushisa okuzinzile. Uma kungenjalo ukuba khona kwalawa magesi agcina ukushisa futhi enza lo mphumela, Amazinga okushisa aphakathi komhlaba abe ngaphansi kuka -15 degrees. Cabanga kulawo mazinga okushisa cishe unyaka wonke, impilo ibingenakwenzeka eMhlabeni njengoba sazi.

Emkhathini, ukuminyana, ukwakheka kanye nokushisa komoya kuyahluka ngokuphakama.

Izinhla zomkhathi

Umkhathi uhlukaniswe waba izingqimba eziningana ngokuya kokwakheka kwawo, ukuminyana kwawo kanye nokushisa kwawo. Nasi isifinyezo esifushane se- izingqimba zomkhathi.

I-Troposphere: Ingqimba ephansi kunazo zonke, lapho impilo kanye nezimo eziningi zezulu zikhula khona. Inwebeka ekuphakameni okungaba cishe ngamakhilomitha ayi-10 ezigxotsheni naku-18 km enkabazwe. Ku-troposphere, izinga lokushisa lehla kancane kancane ngokuphakama lize lifinyelele ku -70º C. Umkhawulo walo ophezulu yi-tropopause.

I-Stratosphere: Kule ungqimba, izinga lokushisa liyanda lize lifike cishe ku -10ºC endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha angama-50. Kukulesi sendlalelo lapho ukutholakala okukhulu kwe-ozone kutholakala khona, "ungqimba lwe-ozone", igesi okuthi ngokumunca ingxenye yemisebe ye-ultraviolet ne-infrared evela eLangeni ivumela ukuba khona kwezimo ezifanelekile zokuphila ebusweni bomhlaba. Ingaphezulu lalesi sendlalelo ibizwa ngokuthi i-stratopause.

Umkhathi: Kuwo, izinga lokushisa liyancipha futhi ngobude bube ngu -140 ºC. Ifinyelela ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-80, ekugcineni kwayo yi-mesopause.

I-Thermosphere: Ungqimba lokugcina, olufinyelela kumakhilomitha angamakhulu amaningana wobude, ethula amazinga okushisa akhuphukayo afinyelela ku-1000 ºC. Lapha amagesi anesisindo esiphansi kakhulu futhi anama-ionized.

Kungani umoya ubalulekile?

Umkhathi wethu ubalulekile ezintweni eziningana. Okubaluleke ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele sithi kuyadingeka. Ngenxa yomkhathi, impilo ingakhula eplanethi yethu, ngoba imunca ingxenye enkulu yemisebe ye-ultraviolet evela elangeni kusendlalelo lwe-ozone. Uma kwenzeka i-meteor ingena emjikelezweni wayo noMhlaba futhi izosishaya, umkhathi unesibopho sokuwahlukanisa abe yimpuphu ngenxa yokuxabana ababhekana nakho lapho bexhumana nomoya. Uma ungekho umkhathi, isivinini sokushayisana kwalezi zinto kungaba yisibalo sesikhala sazo sokungena ngaphakathi (kukalwa kusuka kwiplanethi yethu) kanye nokusheshisa okubangelwe amandla adonsela phansi omhlaba, ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba nawo.

Okunye okufanele kushiwo iqiniso lokuthi umkhathi womhlaba bekungahlali kunokwakheka okufanayo. Sekuyizigidi zeminyaka, ukwakheka komkhathi bekushintsha futhi kudala ezinye izinhlobo zokuphila. Isibonelo, lapho umkhathi wawungenawo umoya-mpilo omncane, wawukhona igesi yemethane elawula isimo sezulu futhi impilo eyayikhona kwakungeyemethanogens. Ngemuva kokuvela kwe-cyanobacteria, inani lomoya-mpilo emkhathini lenyuka futhi lenza izinhlobo zokuphila ezahlukahlukene njengezitshalo, izilwane nabantu.

Omunye umsebenzi obalulekile womkhathi yi-magnetosphere. Le yindawo yomkhathi etholakala esifundeni esingaphandle soMhlaba leyo kusivikela ngokuchezukisa imimoya yelanga egcwele imisebe kagesi. Kungenxa yensimu kazibuthe yoMhlaba ukuthi asidliwe yiziphepho zelanga.

Umkhathi uhambisana kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwemijikelezo ye-biogeochemical. Ukwakheka kwamanje komkhathi kungenxa ye-photosynthesis eyenziwa izitshalo. Yiyo futhi elawula isimo sezulu kanye nemvelo okuhlala kuyo abantu (ku-troposphere), okudala izimo zezulu ezifana nemvula (lapho sithola khona amanzi) nokuba ne-nitrogen, i-carbon ne-oxygen efanele.

Isenzo somuntu emkhathini

Ngeshwa umuntu ubangela ushintsho ekwakhiweni komoya. Ngenxa yemisebenzi yezimboni, kukhishwa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa okufana ne-carbon dioxide ne-methane ne-nitrogen oxide emissions edala imvula ene-asidi.

Ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwala magesi abamba ukushisa kubangela ukushisa kakhulu komhlaba. Ukushisa okuphakathi nendawo kuzo zonke izingxenye zeplanethi kuyanda, kuphazamisa ukulingana kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kudala ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okudalwa ukuguqulwa kwamaphethini wesimo sezulu. Isibonelo, ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kwandisa imvamisa nokuqina kwezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu njengeziphepho, iziphepho, izikhukhula, isomiso, njll. Imijikelezo yezimo ezinjenge-El Niño neLa Niña nayo iyashintshwa, izinhlobo eziningi ziyahamba noma ziyafa ngenxa yezinguquko ezindaweni zazo zokuhlala, iqhwa lamakhemikhali asezindaweni ezibandayo liyancibilika ngokukhuphuka kolwandle , njll.

Njengoba ubona, umkhathi udlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yomhlaba wethuKungakho-ke kumele silwe nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu futhi siqinisekise ukuthi ukuminyana kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kuyazinza njengakudala, ngaphambi kwenguquko yezimboni.