Kuyini umbani wentaba-mlilo?

El umbani wentaba-mlilo Kungesinye sezigigaba ezithakazelisa kakhulu ngasohlangothini lomuntu. Futhi kungenxa yokuthi kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo futhi kudingeka izimo ezikhethekile zokubukeka kwayo. Lapho zivela, umbani wentaba-mlilo walo mbukiso ohlaba umxhwele okufanele uthathwe izithombe.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ukuthi umbani wentaba-mlilo wakha kanjani, yiziphi izici zawo kanye nemvelaphi yawo.

umbani wentaba-mlilo

Umbani wentaba-mlilo wukuphuma kukagesi okubangelwa ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Umlotha kanye ne-pyroclastics ekhishwe yi-volcano ayithathi hlangothi, okungukuthi, Azinawo amandla kagesi, ngakho azikwazi ukukhiqiza umbani ngokwazo. Kodwa-ke, ukungqubuzana phakathi kwezinto zentaba-mlilo ezindaweni ezinobutha kungaholela ekukhishweni kwama-ion kukholamu yentaba-mlilo, kukhiqize lezi zenzakalo ezihlaba umxhwele. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezindleko ezinhle nezimbi kudala umehluko omkhulu ongase ube khona, okubangela ukukhishwa.

Kodwa ingabe zikhona kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezintaba-mlilo? Impendulo ithi cha. Ukuze kukhiqizwe umbani wentaba-mlilo, intaba-mlilo eqhumayo kufanele ibe neziqhumane kanye nobukhulu obufana ne-La Palma. Futhi kuwukuthi, nakuba ekuqaleni iCanary Volcano yethula ukuqhuma kohlobo lweStrombolian, phakathi kwezinye izinto, okwakungenalo udlame kakhulu, inani eliphakeme lomsebenzi elabhalwa ngezikhathi ezithile lavumela le misebe ukuba yakheke.

Ukuphenya

Ucwaningo kujenali iSayensi lusikisela ukuthi amandla kagesi entaba-mlilo aqala lapho izingcezu zamatshe, umlotha nezinhlayiya zeqhwa zishayisana kukholomu yamakholomu entaba-mlilo. Ngaleso sikhathi, amacala amile ayedalwa ngendlela efanayo umbani odalwa ngayo ekuduma kwezulu okuvamile, ngaphandle kwalezi zimo kwakudalwa kuphela lapho izinhlayiya zeqhwa zishayisana. Ngokunjalo, Ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo nakho kukhulula amanzi amaningi, esiza ukubhebhezela ukudalwa kwalokhu kuduma kwezulu.

Ukuphawulwa kokuqala okulotshiwe kwenziwa ngo-AD 79, lapho isazi-mlando esingumRoma uPliny Omncane sichaza ukuqhuma kweNtaba iVesuvius. Lesi senzakalo sibonakala emazwini ashaqisayo nezithombe zalowo mzuzu womlando: sonke isixuku sabona ifu elibhotshozwe ukukhanya komlilo, lifihla imisebe yelanga lasePompeian ngaphansi kwengubo yalo. Kuyo le ntaba-mlilo efanayo, uProfesa Luigi Palmieri wenza izifundo zokuqala zesayensi ngombani wentaba-mlilo noma iziphepho ezingcolile phakathi nokuqhuma kuka-1858, 1861, 1868 no-1872.

Njengamanje, inhlolovo eyanyatheliswa ngo-2008 ku-Bulletin of Volcanology kubonisa ukuthi u-27% kuya ku-35% wokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo ahambisana nalokhu kubanyaza (Ray). Iziphepho ezingcolile ezimangalisayo zithwetshulwe emhlabeni wonke, okuhlanganisa i-Mount Chaitén e-Chile, i-Colima e-Mexico, i-Mount Augustine e-Alaska, kanye ne-Mount Eyjafjallajökull e-Iceland kanye ne-Mount Etna e-Sicily eYurophu.

Wakha kanjani umbani wentaba-mlilo?

Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwezinhlayiya zesichotho namaconsi amanzi atholakala phezulu kwefu le-cumulonimbus (i-thundercloud) kubangela ukuthi umoya wenze ionize futhi uqongelele umehluko omkhulu ongaba khona phakathi kwezingxenye ezithile zefu nezinye. Lokhu ekugcineni kukhiqiza umbani phakathi kwamafu, kodwa futhi nombani ofinyelela kwamanye amafu noma ophumela phansi.

Endabeni yombani wentaba-mlilo, izimo zefu lomlotha kufanele zifane nalezo ezingaphakathi kwefu lokuduma.

Umlotha nama-pyroclast axoshwa yizintaba-mlilo ekuqaleni abathathi hlangothi (akukho shaji kagesi), kodwa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwakho endaweni enzima kakhulu (evuthayo) kungabangela ukukhululwa kwama-ion emgqeni wentaba-mlilo.

Umbani wentaba-mlilo kwenzeka kuphela lapho lokhu kwenzeka, okungukuthi, lapho kukhona umehluko wezindleko efwini lentaba-mlilo.

Imiphumela kanye nelukuluku

Umphumela obalulekile walezi ziphepho zikagesi ukuthi zithinta ukuxhumana: umbani ungaphazamisa futhi ube nomthelela omubi ukuhamba kwezindiza.

Ukwengeza, ukuxhumana ngomsakazo emoyeni nasezikhumulweni zezindiza eziseduze kuyathinteka. Ucwaningo lukaStephen R. McNutt kanye no-Earle R. Williams be-Alaska Institute of Geophysics kanye neMassachusetts Institute of Technology, ngokulandelana, luqinisekisa ukuthi "Umbani kanye nokufakwa kukagesi ezintaba-mlilo kubalulekile ngoba ngokwazo zimele ingozi, ziyizingxenye zentaba-mlilo emvelweni womhlaba." ukujikeleza, njengoba befaka isandla ekuhlanganisweni kwezinhlayiya kanye nezinguquko kukholomu yomlotha.

Izintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo zingabangela izenzakalo ezinkulu. Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ku-Scientific Reports ngu-Andrew Pata, umcwaningi we-postdoctoral e-National Supercomputing Centre e-Barcelona, ​​​​uchaza ukuthi ukuhwamuka kwamanzi olwandle entaba-mlilo yase-Indonesia yase-Anak Krakatau kwabangela kanjani isiphepho sentaba-mlilo esathatha izinsuku eziyisithupha futhi sabangela isiphepho sentaba-mlilo phakathi kwe-22nd. kanye nokwesibili kwemisebe engaphezu kuka-2. Ngakho-ke, okunye ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo nakho kusivumela ukuthi sibone ukwakheka nokuvela kokuphuma kukagesi okukhulu emkhathini.

Kungani intaba-mlilo yaseLa Palma yakhiqiza umbani?

Ngemuva komphumela we-hypnotic wamafu asatshalaliswa ngokugxila esibhakabhakeni sesiqhingi esibonwe ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, lapho intabamlilo isisebenze izinsuku ezingaphezu kweshumi, umbani wawubanjwe ekhoneni elikhulu lentaba-mlilo, njengokungathi yisiphepho sikagesi.

Isazi sesimo sezulu uJosé Miguel Viñas sachaza ukuthi lokhu kukhishwa “kuyinkomba yokuqhuma kokuqhuma.” Kodwa kungani zenzeka ngesikhathi sentaba-mlilo? Kusukela ku-Institute of Volcanology of the Canary Islands (Involcan), babelane ngesithombe se-volcanic ray, ebonakala ngokugqama empungeni eyayikhona e-El Paso, isifunda lapho i-magma yaqala khona ngo-September 19 wonyaka odlule.

Kuyinto yokukhishwa kagesi okubangelwa umlotha nama-pyroclasts aphonswa izintaba-mlilo ebusweni bomhlaba, nakuba ekuqaleni izinto ezingathathi hlangothi, okungukuthi, azinayo imali kagesi ngokwazo, kodwa kubangela "ukukhululwa kwe-ion ku-volcanic plume" ngenxa yokuba khona kwayo ekungqubuzaneni ezindaweni enobutha.

Njengoba ubona, lesi simo sesibaluleke kakhulu kusukela kwaqhuma intaba-mlilo yaseLa Palma. Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi uyini umsebe wentaba-mlilo nokuthi uvela kanjani.