Uhlelo lwe-Betic

Namuhla sizokhuluma ngakho Uhlelo lwe-Betic. Ngokwendawo, leli qembu lezintaba lisuka eGulf of Cádiz liye eMphakathini waseValencian nasogwini oluseningizimu lweziQhingi zaseBalearic. Ngasenyakatho, banqamula iGuadalquivir Basin kanye nonqenqema oluseningizimu lwe-Iberia massif kanye ne-Iberia System, kanti uLwandle i-Alboran lusemaphethelweni aseningizimu. Kodwa-ke, njengePyrenees, ngomqondo wokuma komhlaba, idlulela ngale kwemikhawulo yezwe, inabela eningizimu nasenyakatho-mpumalanga ngaphansi koLwandle i-Alboran, futhi ingxenye yesakhiwo sayo ayiphazanyiswa ezansi kweMedithera. waseMallorca.

Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi ngohlelo lwe-Betic, izici zalo nokubaluleka kwalo.

Izici eziyinhloko

Ububanzi bezintaba bungumphumela wendlela yokuminyanisa eyaqala ekupheleni kweCretaceous cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-100 edlule futhi kuthinta kakhulu imiphetho esenyakatho naseningizimu ye-Iberia Plate. Ukwakheka kwayo kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okulandelayo kuyinkimbinkimbi ngoba kungumphumela wokusebenzisana kwamapuleti amabili amakhulu kanye nezwekazi, namuhla i-Alboran microplate, eyakha ibhande elingaphakathi lobubanzi bezintaba, yathuthela ngasentshonalanga futhi ekugcineni yashayisana nomugqa weMesozoic. Iberia nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika, kwakheka uhla lwezintaba iBetica-Rifeña.

Elinye lamaqiniso aphawuleka kakhulu ezingeni le-cortical ukuthi alukho uhlobo lwempande olutholakele ngaphansi kohambo lwezintaba, njengoba kunjalo ngezinye izinhlelo ze-alpine orogenic. Yize ukuqina okuthile koqweqwe kungabonakala, akweqi amakhilomitha angama-40 kunoma yiliphi lamacala. Elinye iqiniso eliphawulekayo ezingeni le-cortical ukwehla ngokushesha okungabonakala endaweni engasogwini. lapho ukushuba koqweqwe kungamakhilomitha angama-22. Le ndawo futhi, iqhubeka ibheke ngaphakathi enkabeni ye-Alboran Sea basin lapho isivele ifinyelela khona ubuncane bayo, ingamakhilomitha ayi-15 ukushuba.

Isakhiwo sohlelo lwe-Betic

Ngokunikezwa kwalezi zici zesizinda se-cortical nokusetshenziswa kwemibandela ethile ye-petrological and structural, kuholele ekuhlukaniseni uhlelo lwe-Betic njengaseRif izindawo ezimbili ezinkulu kanye nezingane ezahlukanisiwe futhi ezahlukaniswa ngokuxhumana kwe-tectonic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zindawo ezimbili zinemvelaphi ehlukile ye-paleogeographic. Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi lezi zindawo ezimbili noma izizinda:

• Isizinda SaseNingizimu Iberian noma Izindawo Zangaphandle: Lezi zindawo zehlukile kuzo zombili izintaba futhi zakhiwa ngamatshe aseMesozoic nawaseCenozoic agudlanayo futhi agoqiwe ngaphandle kokuthola uhlobo oluthile lokuguqulwa kwezinto olufana nezidumbu zamachibi asolwandle iTethys ocean.
• I-Alboran Domain noma Izindawo Zangaphakathi: lezi zindawo zakhiwe. Ukunqwabelana kwezingubo zokugoqa kwenhlabathi ngezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukuguquguquka. Umsuka uhlobene nokufuduka kwe-microplate yase-Alboran etholakala empumalanga engaphezulu.

Ngaphezu kwalezi zindawo ezinkulu, singahlukanisa uhlelo lwe-Betic kwezinye izindawo ezinjengalezi ezilandelayo:

• Umsele weFlyschs weCampo de Gibraltar: alikho ibhizinisi lesizinda elibhekiswe kulo ngoba uhlobo loqweqwe olutholakala cishe alwaziwa ngokuphelele, luvamile kuzo zombili izintaba futhi lukhona ezinhlangothini zombili zeStrait of Gibraltar.
• Ukudangala Okuphezulu Kwe-orogenic Tertiary: lezi zingcindezi zakhiwe nge-neogene nezidalwa ze-quaternary. Iningi lalezi zinhlabathi zikhiqizwe ukuguguleka kwezindawo eziseduze. Kwehluka ikakhulukazi emabhesheni ahlukahlukene asemaceleni 3030 30 kuya ebangeni lezintaba -Ukucindezelwa kweGuadalquivir- nezinye izindawo zangaphakathi -Ukucindezelwa kweGranada, iGuadix-Baza, i-Almería-Sorbas, iVera-Cuevas de Almanzora neMurcia ikakhulukazi.
• Intaba-mlilo iNeogene-Quaternary: Imelwe endaweni yaseCabo de Gata naseMurcia. Le volcano futhi ayihambelani nokubonakaliswa kwentaba-mlilo kwe-postogenic okuhlobene nama-tectonics akamuva ngenxa yokushintshwa kwamapuleti amaningi.

Izindawo zohlelo lweBetic

Sizohlaziya izindawo zohlelo lwe-Betic nezimpawu zazo. Siqala ngendawo engaphandle.

Indawo engaphandle

Angamadwala aseMesozoic nawaseCenozoic sedimentary, iningi lawo avela olwandle, akhiwa echibini laseTethys onqenqemeni lwamazwekazi eningizimu ye-Iberia, futhi afakwa ezihlokweni ze-alpine. Bahlala ezinwetsheni ezinkulu zobubanzi bezintaba futhi bamele isikhawu sesikhathi kusuka i-Triassic iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-250 edlule eya eMiocene.

Bethula isakhiwo esaziwa ngokuhlukaniswa okujwayelekile phakathi kwegumbi elingaphansi (i-Paleozoic varisco) nedwala elikhubazekile (amafolda, amaphutha nengubo ephushiwe). Igumbi elingaphansi lePaleozoic aliveli futhi lihlala ekujuleni kwamakhilomitha ama-5-8, akhiwe ngamatshe afana ne-Iberia Massif. Ukusuka endaweni yokuqala yunithi yokwakha kabusha, umcengezi woqobo one ukunwetshwa okuvundlile kukhulu ngokuphindwe kabili kunokwamanje.

Ukukhubazeka kweminyaka ehlukene kuyabonakala. Ngesikhathi seJurassic, ukungazinzi kwesakhiwo kwenzeka okwaholela ekuhlukanisweni kweTethys Basin ezifundeni zokwehlukaniswa kwesimilo. I-Push yaqala eCretaceous yaqhubeka ePaleogene. Isigaba sokugcina nesisemqoka sokwenza iphutha senzeke eMiocene, okwaholela ekwenyukeni kwezintaba kabanzi.

Indawo engaphakathi

Itholakala ekugcineni ngaseningizimu kwentaba iBetica, isukela e-Estepona (Malaga) entshonalanga iye eCape Santa Pola phakathi kweMurcia ne-Alicante empumalanga.

Indawo ye-paleogeographic yangaphakathi yaqhamuka ngasempumalanga futhi yayiyingxenye ye-Alboran noma iMesomediterranean microplate. Ngokuvalwa komfula wasendulo iTethys, le microplate ehlukanisiwe evela enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika yathutha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yokuhamba kwezinguquko. Amatshe ePaleozoic avela endaweni engaphakathi yale microplate, eyaqala ukugoqwa ngesikhathi seVarisca orogen, yacekelwa phansi yaphinde yavuselelwa ngesikhathi se-Alpine Orogeny.

Cishe awekho amatshe e-Mesozoic endaweni yangaphakathi, ngokuvamile ehambelana nezidumbu ezibekiwe ezizungeze ama-microplates noma ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwabo kanye nezigaba zokuncipha. I-Triassic yehlukile kulo lonke uhlelo lwe-Betic, ngoba isisekelo sayo senziwe nge-clastic rock nalo lonke i-dolomite. Amatshe weJurassic neCretaceous angamadwala e-carbonate. Ngokuvamile, ngaphandle kwezimagqabhagqabha ze-Eocene ezingavumelani ezingubeni, izidumbu zePaleogene azikho.

Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngohlelo lwe-Betic nezimpawu zalo.