Izimbobo ezimnyama ziphakathi kwezinto ezingaqondakali kakhulu endaweni yonke, futhi okufundwe kakhulu izinkanyezi kanye supermassive black holes. Ukuze kwakheka uhlobo lwenkanyezi, inkanyezi kufanele iqale ife ngokuzumayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, asikaqiniseki ngomsuka wemigodi emnyama emikhulukazi etholakala emithala eminingi. Ebunyeni, phakathi nendawo yomgodi omnyama, kulapho isikhathi nesikhala kuma khona.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi yiziphi izimbobo ezimnyama ezinkulu, imvelaphi yazo kanye nezici.
Yiziphi izimbobo ezimnyama ezinkulu kakhulu
Imbobo emnyama iyindawo elinganiselwe yesikhathi sendawo lapho insimu yamandla adonsela phansi iqine kangangokuthi akukho lutho, kuhlanganise nokukhanya, okungaphunyuka. Izimbobo ezimnyama ngokwazo azikwazi ukubonwa, kodwa indaba ebazungezile ingabonwa. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-accretion disk. Yakhiwe ngendaba ekhangwa maphakathi nomgodi omnyama.
Izici ezijwayelekile
Nazi ezinye izici ze-stellar black holes nezimbobo ezimnyama ezinkulu kakhulu:
- Izimbobo ezimnyama zezinkanyezi zakha lapho izinkanyezi zifa. Ngokuqondene nezinto eziphakeme kakhulu, imvelaphi yazo awaziwa kahle, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi zihlobene eduze nokuzalwa kwe-Milky Way.
- Ngenxa yamandla ayo adonsela phansi anamandla, akukho okungaphunyuka, ngisho nokukhanya. Nokho, uma ukude ephephile, akukho okuzokwenzeka.
- Bakhulu kakhulu, enezinkanyezi izikhathi eziyishumi ezinkulu kunezethu.
- Azinayo indawo eqinile noma eqinile. Isibonelo, umkhathizwe womcimbi awulona ibhizinisi okungashiwo ukuthi liqala lapha ligcine lapho, liwumngcele ongabonakali, kodwa uma lingasekho ukubuyela emuva.
- Izimbobo ezimnyama zikhula ngokubamba izinto ezifana negesi nothuli oluvela ezinkanyezini eziseduze, futhi nangokuhlanganisa nezinye izimbobo ezimnyama.
- Ngenxa yemiphumela ye-quantum abayikhiphayo, Ibizwa nge-Hawking radiation.
- Kubo bonke ubukhosi bazo, izimbobo ezimnyama zilula, futhi sazi kuphela ubukhulu bazo, umfutho we-angular, kanye nokushaja.
- Banobunye esikhungweni sabo, kulapho yonke indaba iphela khona. Ukuphela kwendawo nesikhathi kuyichashaza eliminyene.
- Kukholakala ukuthi wonke umthala unembobo emnyama phakathi nendawo yawo. Nokho, kusadingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe.
- Lapho izimbobo ezimbili ezimnyama zihlangana, zidala ukuphazamiseka ngesikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi amagagasi adonsela phansi. Kungaba ngisho endaweni ethile phakathi kwembobo emnyama nenkanyezi ye-neutron.
- Izimbobo ezinkulu ezimnyama zingakhiqiza amajethi amakhulu e-supermatter
- Ukushisa, njengama-X-ray, imisebe ye-gamma, namaza omsakazo, ahamba cishe ngesivinini sokukhanya, banweba amakhulu ezinkulungwane zeminyaka yokukhanya kusukela ezigxotsheni zembobo emnyama.
- Izimbobo ezimnyama azikwazi ukubonwa ngokucacile, kodwa njengoba zimunca izinto ezivela ezintweni eziseduze njenge-stardust, izinkanyezi, nemithala, zibonakala njengoba ama-accretion disks akheka ezizungezile.
Zakha kanjani izimbobo ezimnyama ezinkulu kakhulu
Ukuze uthole umbono omncane wokuthi kwakheka kanjani izimbobo ezimnyama, singacabanga ukuthi sicindezela kakhulu into ukuze sandise ukuminyana kwayo, noma kunjalo, ngenxa yamandla kagesi nawenuzi, impahla izoqala ukumelana.
Kithina, ukuyiminyanisa ibe yivolumu encane kangaka, eminyene kakhulu ukuze yakhe imbobo emnyama kungadinga amandla amakhulu, noma i-implosion, njenge-supernova. I-supernova yenzeka lapho inkanyezi enkulu ifa, idedela inani elikhulu lamandla ekuqhumeni, futhi idilike yenze umgodi omnyama.
Izinhlobo ezifundwa kakhulu zezimbobo ezimnyama yizimbobo ezimnyama ezinobunzima bezinkanyezi kanye nezimbobo ezimnyama ezinkulu kakhulu. Izimbobo ezimnyama zezinkanyezi ziyizinsalela ezibandayo zezinkanyezi ezinkulu (eziphindwe izikhathi ezingu-10 kuya kwezingu-15 ezinkulu kunelanga lethu) eziye zangena ezigabeni zokugcina zokuphila kwazo. Lezi zimbobo ezimnyama zisakazeke kuwo wonke umthala wethu nomkhathi.
Izinkanyezi eziningi ezigabeni zazo zokugcina zigcina seziba yizinkanyezi ezimhlophe noma izinkanyezi ze-neutron. Nokho, lezi zinkanyezi zingase zingazinzi kangangokuthi zikhiqiza ukuqhuma okubizwa ngokuthi i-supernovae. Kulesi sigaba, inkanyezi ayinawo amandla anele okumelana namandla adonsela phansi, ngakho inkanyezi iqala ukuncipha ize yakhe imbobo emnyama.
Lolu uhlelo lwenkanyezi kanambambili etholakala eduze kwenkanyezi enkulu eduze kwembobo yenkanyezi emnyama, lapho idonsa khona amandla. Zombili ziyingxenye yesistimu yenkanyezi kanambambili, lapho inkanyezi yokuqala iba umgodi omnyama ngemva kokuqhuma okukhulu okubizwa ngokuthi i-supernova. Eyesibili iyamuncwa, into yayo yenza i-accretion disk, futhi ikhiphe amaza omsakazo noma ama-X-ray.
Izimbobo ezimnyama ezinkulu ziyizilo zangempela ezikhona enkabeni yemithala eminingi, kuhlanganise nowethu i-Milky Way. Anezixuku ezigidini noma ezigidini zezinkanyezi sonozungezilanga futhi anwebeka aze afike esimisweni sonozungezilanga.
Izimbobo ezimnyama ezinkulu zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuziphendukeleni kwemithala. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi imithala eminingi (kodwa hhayi yonke) inomgodi omnyama omkhulu phakathi nendawo yawo. Imvelaphi yezimbobo ezimnyama ezinkulu iyindawo yocwaningo enamandla amakhulu namuhla. Kusekuningi okusazotholwa.
Isakhiwo nezingxenye zomgodi omnyama omkhulu kakhulu
Imbobo emnyama iqukethe izakhiwo ezilandelayo:
- I-Singularidad: Yindawo emaphakathi yomgodi omnyama wokuminyana okungapheli, lapho izinto ziphela khona, lapho imithetho yefiziksi ingasenangqondo, nalapho isikhathi nendawo iphela khona.
- umkhathizwe womcimbi: Iphuzu lokungabuyi, ubunye obuzungeze imbobo emnyama, futhi bulingana nobubanzi bendawo ye-Schwarzschild. Isivinini sokuphunyuka lapha silingana nesivinini sokukhanya, ngakho-ke izinto (izinhlayiya nemisebe) ezeqa umngcele womkhathizwe womcimbi ngeke zikwazi ukuphunyuka, ngisho nokukhanya. Lolu uhambo olulodwa.
- i-accretion disk: yakheka izungeze imbobo emnyama njengoba ithwebula izinto entweni eseduze, njengenkanyezi. Idiski, eyenziwe ngegesi eshisa kakhulu nothuli, nayo ijikeleza ngesivinini esiphezulu, ikhiqize imisebe enjengama-X ray namaza omsakazo. Imbobo emnyama izothola ukudla kwayo kule disk of matter.
- I-Ergosphere: Yisifunda esizungeze umgodi omnyama ojikelezayo, kude nomkhathizwe womcimbi. Lapha, isikhala nesikhathi kudonswa ku-vortex ezungeze umgodi omnyama. Into ingangena futhi ishiye i-ergosphere (uma isekela amandla olwandle).
- jets relativistic: ama-expanse amakhulu ezinto ezishisa kakhulu ezihamba eduze nejubane lokukhanya, ikakhulukazi ama-X ray namaza omsakazo, akha amajethi aseduze ezigxotsheni zembobo emnyama njengoba edla into ekhona.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi ziyini izimbobo ezinkulu ezimnyama nezici zazo.