I-Hubble Space Telescope iyithuluzi lezinkanyezi elizungeza umhlaba eliklanyelwe ukuthwebula izithombe futhi liqoqe idatha yekhwalithi ephezulu emkhathini. Yethulwa ngo-Ephreli 24, 1990 yi-NASA kanye ne-European Space Agency (ESA) njengengxenye yokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngenxa yalesi sibonakude, kuye kwatholakala izinto eziningi ezitholakala endaweni yonke. Manje, okwamanje, i owalandela ukuhubble iyona ethatha izintambo ukuqhubeka nokunikeza izinto ezintsha ezitholakele.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela mayelana nomlandeli we-Hubble, izici zayo nokubaluleka kwayo.
Izici ze-Hubble Space Telescope
Esinye sezici ezivelele zeHubble Telescope yikhono layo lokubona i-cosmos ngaphandle komkhathi woMhlaba. Umkhathi ungahlanekezela futhi uhlunge ukukhanya okufinyelela eMhlabeni, kukhawulele ikhwalithi yokubuka okusekelwe phansi. Nokho, ngenkathi ku-orbit, U-Hubble weqa le mikhawulo, evumela umbono ocace kakhulu futhi onembe kakhudlwana wezinto ezikude zasemkhathini.
U-Hubble usebenzisa uchungechunge lwamathuluzi akhethekile, njengamakhamera nama-spectrograph, ukuze athwebule izithombe ngamaza ahlukene okukhanya, kusukela ku-ultraviolet kuya ku-infrared eduze. Lokhu kunikeza ososayensi umbono ophelele noningiliziwe wezinhlobonhlobo zezenzakalo ezisemkhathini, njengemithala ekude, ama-nebulae, izinkanyezi ezakhayo, namaplanethi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga.
Inamandla amakhulu okuthola izithombe zokucaca okuphezulu. Ngenxa yaleli khono, linikeze izithombe ezinemininingwane emangalisayo yezinto zasezulwini, izakhiwo ezivezayo kanye nemininingwane okwakunzima ukuyibuka ngaphambili. Lezi zithombe zenze intuthuko ephawulekayo ekuqondeni kwethu indawo yonke futhi zithathe umcabango womphakathi jikelele.
Futhi iye yafeza indima ebalulekile ezilinganisweni ezinembile zamabanga okuya ezinkanyezini ezikude nemithala. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekulinganiseni okunembe kakhudlwana kwezinga lokukhula kwendawo yonke futhi kuye kwasiza ososayensi ukuba bathuthukise izibonelo zabo zesayensi yendawo yonke.
Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, i-Hubble ibilokhu iyisihloko semishini eminingi yokunakekela nokuthuthukisa osomkhathi ku-Space Shuttle. Lezi zithunywa zenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukushintsha amathuluzi, ukulungisa izingxenye kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwayo kukonke, kwandise kakhulu impilo yayo ewusizo. Manje, abazongena esikhundleni sikaHubble bazothatha izintambo.
Abalandela uHubble
i-hubble isihambe amakhilomitha acishe abe ngu-600 ukusuka eMhlabeni ngamakhilomitha angama-28 ngehora, ithatha amashumi ezinkulungwane zokubhekwa, isiqedele ukubuka okude okuyisigidi esi-000. imizimba yasezulwini ehlukene. Izazi zezinkanyezi ezingaphezu kuka-10 ezisebenzisa i-Hubble zishicilele amaphepha ocwaningo angaba ngu-000, okuyenza ibe enye yezinsimbi zesayensi ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezake zakhiwa.
Akungabazeki ukuthi iHubble Telescope ibe uguquko lwangempela lwesayensi yezinkanyezi, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yekhono layo lokulungisa nokuthuthukiswa osomkhathi, okuye kwanweba ukuphila kwayo okuwusizo phakathi neminyaka edlule. Kodwa-ke, ngemva komsebenzi wokugcina wokunikeza usizo ngoMeyi 2009, kwenziwe umsebenzi omkhulu kumlandeli wayo, iJames Webb Space Telescope.
Ake siqhathanise amapharamitha kaHubble noJames Webb. Ngenkathi isibonakude esidala i-Hubble inesibuko esiyi-monolithic esingamamitha angu-2,4 kuphela, isibonakude sika-James Webb sinezingxenye ezingu-18 ezinezinhlangothi ezine zembobo elinganayo engamamitha angu-6,5.
Izindleko zayo zisondele ku-$9 billion. Isibonakude, iphrojekthi ehlanganyelwe ye-NASA nezikhungo zasemkhathini zaseYurophu naseCanada, saqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi uJames Webb ngoSepthemba 2002 kuqanjwa omunye wabaphathi beNASA ngesikhathi sokudlondlobala kohlelo lwe-Apollo.
UJames Webb wenze intuthuko eminingi yezobuchwepheshe emisha. Ukuze ugqamise ezimbalwa zazo, yisho isibuko saso esiyinhloko esihlukene, esigoqa sibe izingxenye ezintathu ukuze siqalise futhi sihlangane emkhathini ngemva kokusuka; i-optics eyenziwe nge-beryllium, i-ultra-light and wear-resistant material; noma ama-cryocoolers, apholisa isibonakude. ama-detectors afika ku-7 Kelvin, ukwenza kahle ukuqaphela kwabo ku-infrared, isifunda se-spectrum u-James Webb azosibona.
Ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe yisishiyagalombili yokwakhiwa, zonke izingxenye zesibonakude sezimi ngomumo, ikakhulukazi ingxenye yesibuko esiyinhloko esinezinhlangothi ezinezinhlangothi ezine, embozwe ungqimba lwegolide olulingana ne-micron (elicwebezela kakhulu kuyi-infrared), kanye nezinsimbi ezine ososayensi. zibekwe kusibonakude. Lawa ikhamera eseduze ne-infrared, i-spectrograph ye-infrared multi-object eseduze, enye insimbi ye-infrared emaphakathi, kanye nekhamera enezihlungi eziguqulekayo. Ibanga lokusebenza le-spectral likaJames Webb liphakathi kwama-nanometers angu-0,6 no-27, namanye amandla okukhanya abonakalayo.
Izinhloso zomlandeli we-Hubble
Ozongena esikhundleni sikaHubble uzofunda zonke izigaba zomlando we-cosmic, kusukela ekukhanyeni kokuqala ngemva kwe-Big Bang, ngokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zamaplanethi ezikwazi ukusekela ukuphila emhlabeni onjengoMhlaba, kuya ekuguqukeni kwesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga. Enye into entsha yalesi sibonakude sasemkhathini ngokuphathelene nesibonakude i-Hubble ukuthi, ngokungafani nalesi sakamuva, ngeke sizungeza eduze noMhlaba, amakhilomitha angamakhulu ambalwa kuphela ukusuka phezulu, kodwa kunalokho. Itholakala kumakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyi-1,5 ukusuka emhlabeni ibheke eMhlabeni.
Kusukela eLangeni, endaweni lapho amandla adonsela phansi eLanga, Umhlaba, kanye neNyanga elingana (okwaziwa ngokuthi iLagrange 2 noma L2) futhi izimo zokubuka zingcono kakhulu kunezindlela eziphansi njengeLanga. Hubble. Yebo, ukuvakashelwa kwesondlo kosomkhathi akunakwenzeka, ngakho-ke kuzofanele kuqine futhi kuthembeke kune-Hubble. Ubukhulu bayo obukhulu (6.500 kg) futhi buvumela ukuthi yethulwe ku-orbit, okuyenza ibe inguqulo enamandla kakhulu ye-Ariane 5 ECA eYurophu.
UJames Webb unempilo yokusebenza elindelwe okungenani iminyaka emihlanu, ukuthwala uphethiloli owanele iminyaka efinyelela kweyishumi ekuqondiseni kwe-L2. Uma konke kuhamba kahle, izohlala kuze kube unyaka wezi-2030, iphelelise kahle izibonakude ezinkulu ezisekelwe phansi ezingamamitha angama-30 kanye namamitha angama-40 esakhiwayo njengamanje futhi okufanele zisebenze ekupheleni kweshumi leminyaka elizayo.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nomlandeli we-Hubble nezici zayo.