El lena river yinde kunazo zonke eRussia futhi ingenye yezinde kakhulu emhlabeni, ubude bayo buphelele ngamakhilomitha angu-4.400. Umthombo weLena useziNtabeni zaseBaikal, lapho umfula ugeleza khona enyakatho-mpumalanga uye oLwandle iLaptev kanye ne-Arctic Ocean.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela mayelana nezici, ama-tributaries, ukubaluleka, izitshalo nezilwane zoMfula iLena.
Lena River Backdrop
Ine-delta yezilinganiso ezibalulekile lunwebeka ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-100 oLwandle iLaptev futhi lucishe lube amakhilomitha angama-400 ububanzi. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo, uMfula iLena ubaluleke kakhulu eRussia, njengoba ukhipha ingxenye yesihlanu yendawo yawo. Lokhu kumela amakhilomitha-skwele angaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili.
ILena Delta iba yiqhwa cishe izinyanga eziyisikhombisa ngonyaka. NgoMeyi, indawo ishintsha ibe inhlabathi emanzi. Futhi, lapho kufika intwasahlobo, imifula ivame ukuba nezikhukhula ezinkulu.
Ungomunye wemifula emithathu emikhulu yaseSiberia (eduze kwe-Ob ne-Yenisei) egelezela e-Arctic Ocean. ULena iyona ekude kakhulu nempumalanga. Indima yomfula iLena ibalulekile, ikakhulukazi kubantu abahlala eduze nomfula omude.
Ezindaweni lapho la manzi egeleza khona endaweni ephansi, izitshalo ezinkulu zezitshalo ezifana namakhukhamba, amazambane, ukolweni noma ibhali zinikezwa. Le mikhiqizo isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi imisebenzi yezohwebo.
Ukufuywa kwemfuyo noma ukufuywa nakho kuwumsebenzi kulezi zindawo. Indawo ezungeze umfula ibanzi futhi ilungele ukuklaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zindawo zomhlaba zinengcebo enkulu ngokuba khona kwezimbiwa phansi, okuhlanganisa igolide namadayimane.
Amanye amaminerali afana nensimbi namalahle nawo angatholakala eduze komfula, futhi ayingxenye ebalulekile yomnotho waseRussia njengoba eyingxenye ebalulekile yokukhiqiza insimbi.
Okwamanje, ingxenye enkulu yoMfula iLena isahamba ngemikhumbi. Leli qiniso livumela ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla ezifana namaminerali, izikhumba noma ukudla. Lokhu kuthutha kuxhumanisa izindawo zokukhiqiza nezindawo ezahlukene zokusetshenziswa, okuhlanganisa nomhlaba wonke. Ingxenye encane yoMfula iLena isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa imboni yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Nakuba amandla ayo makhulu kakhulu kunalokhu okuthuthukisiwe.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ngenxa yokwandiswa kwayo okukhulu, uhlamvu lweLena luningi futhi kwesinye isikhathi luyahlukahluka kuye ngendawo ehamba ngalo. Okokuqala, izinga lokushisa lomfula lihlala lishintsha. Indawo egijima kuyo idlala indima ebalulekile ezitshalweni eziphuma emzileni wayo.
Ngokwesibonelo, isigodi esimaphakathi nomfula sinethafa elibanzi anotshani. Ezindaweni ezigcwele izikhukhula, kunamaxhaphozi amaningi. Imindeni yezihlahla efana ne-birch ne-willow ikhula kulezi zindawo. Lapho indawo ephansi yomfula ihlangana khona enyakatho, ifaka uhlaza olufana ne-tundra biomes. I-moss ne-lichen algae eningi ikhula lapha.
Ngokuqondene nezilwane, izinyoni ezisuka esifundeni soMfula iLena ngokuvamile zifudukela endaweni ngemva kobusika. Ngaleso sikhathi, injongo yalezi zilwane kwakuwukuzalana, ikakhulukazi enhlabathini emanzi, eyayivundile.
Amadada, amahansi, ama-sandpiper noma ama-plover yizinyoni ezivame ukutholakala ezitsheni ze-hydrographic. Ngenkathi i-salmon, i-sturgeon ne-cisco kuyizinhlanzi ezingatholakala emfuleni. Lezi zinhlanzi zibalulekile kwezohwebo eRussia, kodwa futhi zibalulekile ngokwezemvelo eMfuleni iLena.
Izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-40 zihlala emfuleni. Ukugqamisa izinhlobo ze-plankton, kuze kube manje cishe izinhlobo eziyi-100 ezahlukahlukene sezirekhodiwe.
Amadolobha edlula kuwo
Umfula iLena udabuka eziNtabeni zaseBaikal engxenyeni eseningizimu yeThafa Lesifunda LaseSiberia. Khona manje, umfula ungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1500 ngaphezu kolwandle. Umthombo wamanzi ungamakhilomitha angu-7 kuphela entshonalanga yeChibi iBaikal.
Umfula uLena ugelezela enyakatho-mpumalanga, lapho eminye imifula (iKirenga, iVitim ne-Olyokma) igelezela embhedeni wayo. Idlula e-Yakutsk, i-Lena igeleza enyakatho ezindaweni eziphansi, lapho ijoyina khona uMfula i-Aldan.
Lapho uLena efika endaweni lapho kutholakala khona uthango lwaseVerkhoyansk, ushintsha indlela aye enyakatho-mpumalanga. Lapho ihlangana noMfula iWillow, oba umsele omkhulu weLena. Lapho esendleleni eya enyakatho, ufika oLwandle iLaptev, ingxenye yoLwandlekazi i-Arctic.
Engxenyeni yokugcina yeLena ungathola i-delta enkulu enwebeka ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-100 oLwandle iLaptev. Futhi, ingamakhilomitha angaba ngu-400 ububanzi. I-Lena Estuary ayilutho ngaphandle kwe-tundra eqandisiwe egcina lezi zimo cishe izinyanga eziyisikhombisa zonyaka.
Ingxenye enkulu yomfula ivikelwe njengeLena Delta Wildlife Sanctuary. I-delta imelela indawo eyakhiwe endaweni lapho umfula ugeleza khona. Endabeni kaLena, ingahlukaniswa ibe yinani elikhulu leziqhingi eziyisicaba. Phakathi kwabo, i-Chychas Aryta, i-Perushka, i-Sagastyr noma i-Samakh Ary Diyete ivelele, nakuba uhlu lude kakhulu.
Ukungcoliswa komfula iLena
Ngenxa yokwandiswa kwawo okukhulu, uMfula iLena usengabhekwa njengenye yemithombo ehlanzekile yamanzi ahlanzekile Emhlabeni. Ukugeleza kwala manzi kube nezithiyo ezimbalwa ezinkulu endleleni yawo yemvelo., njengoba umzila womfula ungavinjwa izakhiwo eziningi, ikakhulukazi amadamu noma amadamu.
Lezi zici zenza umfula iLena ube indawo yokuhlala ehluke kakhulu kuneminye imifula eminingi emhlabeni, futhi ixhashazwa ngokweqile ngenxa yawo wonke amandla ayo okuphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Kodwa-ke, njengoba kuvamile kulezi zinsuku, iLena nayo isongelwa umsebenzi womuntu.
Kunokukhathazeka okukhulu ngokuchitheka kukawoyela okungangcolisa uLena. Lokhu kungenxa yobuningi bemikhumbi ethutha uwoyela ongahluziwe oyigugu eduze nomfula iwuyise e-Arctic Ocean.
Elinye lamathuluzi aphumelela kakhulu eRussia ukuqoka izindawo eziningi zomfula njengezindawo ezivikelekile. Nokho, izinsongo ezinkulu ezikhona ukudoba ngokweqile, amadlelo angalingani, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ezindaweni eziseduze ukuze kuthuthukiswe ezolimo, nokukhandwa kwamanzi ngokungakhethi ukuze kuniselwe.
Okunye okukhathazayo kwakamuva kuhlobene nokusha kwehlathi okuthinte izindawo ezinkulu ze-Arctic kusukela ngoJuni 2019. Ezinye izithombe zesathelayithi zibonisa imililo ezungeze uMfula iLena. I-carbon dioxide ekhishwayo izoba nomthelela omubi kakhulu emvelweni.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana noMfula iLena nezici zawo.