Izintabamlilo nokuqhuma bekuyinto abantu abebeyesaba ukuphila kwabo konke. Ngokuvamile ilimaza kakhulu futhi, kuye ngohlobo lokuqhuma enakho, ingabhubhisa idolobha lonke. Baningi abantu abazibuzayo kungani kuqhume intabamlilo.
Ngalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ukuthi kungani intaba-mlilo iqhuma, yiziphi izici zayo kanye nengozi yalokhu kuqhuma.
ukwakheka kwezintaba-mlilo
Nakuba kubonakala kunokuthula ebusweni, ingaphakathi lentaba-mlilo liyisihogo sangempela. Imifantu yalo igcwele i-magma eshisayo kangangokuthi ishisa yonke into esendleleni yayo futhi iqukethe amagesi angaba nobuthi ancibilike kuyo.
Sibiza udaka olutholakala ekujuleni kwentaba-mlilo njenge-magma.. Ibizwa nge-lava uma iphuma. Esigabeni esilandelayo, sizochaza ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi i-lava yenziwe ngani nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ze-lava ezikhona.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-lava yakhiwe ngamaminerali ohlobo lwe-silicate aqhuma ezintaba-mlilo emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka-900 no-1000 ºC. Ngokuya ngokuqukethwe kwayo kwe-silica (SiO2), singathola izinhlobo ezimbili ze-lava:
- I-Fluid Lava: Inokuqukethwe kwe-silica ephansi. Lolu hlobo lwe-lava alunamehlo amancane futhi lugeleza ngokushesha.
- I-Acid lava: Bacebile nge-silica. Zine-viscosity ephezulu futhi zigeleza kancane.
Ngaphezu kwe-silica, i-lava iqukethe namagesi ancibilikile. Ngokuyinhloko ingumhwamuko wamanzi futhi, ngokwezinga elincane, i-carbon dioxide (CO2), i-sulphur dioxide (SO2), i-hydrogen sulfide (H2S), i-carbon monoxide (CO), i-hydrochloric acid (HCl), i-helium (He), ne-hydrogen ( H).
Noma kunjalo, kufanele uqaphele ukuthi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali e-lava kungahluka kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lwe-magma nomsebenzi we-volcanic, futhi futhi, izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-lava zingabangela ukuqhuma okuhluke kakhulu, njengoba sichaza ngezansi.
Kungani kuqhuma intaba-mlilo?
Njengoba ingabonakali ngeso lomuntu, i-magma inqwabelana ngaphakathi kwentaba-mlilo. Njengomlilo oqothulayo, lancibilikisa amadwala azungezile. Lapho i-magma eyanele yakha, iqala ukufuna indlela yokuphunyuka futhi iqala ukuya phezulu.
Lapho i-magma ikhuphukela ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu zentaba-mlilo, licekela phansi idwala futhi lidale ingcindezi elimaza umhlabathi. Amagesi ancibilikisiwe ku-magma akhululwa ngenxa yokuqhekeka kwedwala. Lokhu kufaka phakathi: umhwamuko wamanzi (H2O), i-carbon dioxide (CO2), i-sulphur dioxide (SO2), ne-hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Izinhlobo zokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo
Uhlobo lokuqhuma luncike ekubunjweni nasekusayizini wentaba-mlilo, kanye nezilinganiso ezilinganiselwe zamagesi, uketshezi (i-lava) nezinto eziqinile ezikhishwe. Lezi yizinhlobo zama-rashes akhona nezici zawo:
Ukuqhuma kweHawaii
Ziyisici se-fluid magmas yokwakheka okuyisisekelo (ikakhulukazi i-basaltic) futhi zijwayelekile kwezinye iziqhingi zasolwandle njengeziQhingi zaseHawaii, ezithola kuzo igama lazo.
Ukuqhuma kwe-lava ewuketshezi kakhulu kanye negesi encane, ngakho aziqhume kalula. Izithabathaba zentaba-mlilo zivame ukutsheka kancane futhi zimise okwehawu. I-magma ikhuphuka ngokushesha futhi ukugeleza kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ingozi edalwa yilezi zinhlobo zokuqhuma ukuthi zingahamba amakhilomitha amaningana zidale imililo futhi zilimaze nengqalasizinda ezihlangabezana nazo.
Ukuqhuma kweStrombolian
I-magma ngokuvamile i-basaltic kanye ne-fluid, ukukhuphuka ngokuvamile kancane futhi kuhlanganiswe namabhamuza amakhulu egesi afinyelela kumamitha ayi-10 ukuphakama. Ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza ukuqhuma ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ngokuvamile azikhiqizi ama-convective plumes, futhi imfucumfucu ye-pyroclastic, echaza i-ballistic trajectory, isakazwa endaweni amakhilomitha ambalwa ukuzungeza ipayipi. Ngokuvamile azinalo udlame kakhulu, ngakho-ke ingozi yazo incane, futhi ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza izigaxa ze-lava. Lokhu kuqhuma kwenzeka ezintaba-mlilo zase-Aeolian Islands (Italy) naseVestmannaeyjar (Iceland).
Ukuqhuma kweVulcan
Lokhu ukuqhuma okusesilinganisweni kokuqhuma okubangelwa ukuvuleka kwemisele yentaba-mlilo evinjwe udaka lwentaba-mlilo. Ukuqhuma kwenzeka njalo ngemva kwemizuzu embalwa noma amahora. Zivamile ezintaba-mlilo ezikhafula i-magma yokwakheka okulingene.
Ubude bamakholomu akufanele budlule amakhilomitha angu-10. Ngokuvamile ama-rashes anengozi ephansi.
Ukuqhuma kwe-Plinian
Ziyiziqhumane ezinothile ngegesi okuthi, lapho zincibilika ku-magma, zibangele ukuhlakazeka kwayo zibe yi-pyroclasts (itshe le-pumice nomlotha). Le ngxube yemikhiqizo ishiya umlomo nezinga eliphezulu lokukhuphuka.
Lezi ziqhumane ziqhuma kancane kancane, kokubili ngenombolo nangesivinini. Zihlanganisa i-viscous siliceous magmas. Isibonelo, ukuqhuma kweNtaba iVesuvius ngo-AD 79.
Ziyingozi enkulu ngoba ikholomu yokuqhuma iphindaphindeka futhi ifinyelele ukuphakama okukhulu (ngisho naku-stratosphere) futhi ibangele ukuqubuka komlotha okuphawulekayo okuthinta i-radius enkulu kakhulu esebenzayo (izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha-skwele).
Ukuqhuma kweSurtseyan
Kuyiziqhumane ze-magma ezihlangana nenani elikhulu lamanzi olwandle. Lokhu kuqhuma kwadala iziqhingi ezintsha, njengokuqhuma kweNtaba iSulzi eningizimu ye-Iceland, eyakha isiqhingi esisha ngo-1963.
Le misebenzi yokuqhuma ibonakala ngokuqhuma okuqondile, okukhiqiza amafu amakhulu omhwamuko omhlophe namafu amnyama e-basaltic pyroclasts.
Ukuqhuma kwe-Hydrovolcanic
Ngaphezu kokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kanye ne-plinian osekukhulunywe ngakho (lapho ukungenelela kwamanzi kubonakala kuqinisekiswa), kunezinye izakhiwo ezingaphansi ngokuphelele (okungukuthi, zinegalelo elincane lezinto ezivuthayo) ezibangelwa ukukhuphuka kwe-magma.
Kuwukuqhuma kwesitimu okudalwe edwaleni ngaphezu komthombo wokushisa we-magma, nemiphumela elimazayo ngenxa yokushiswa komlilo nokugeleza kodaka.
Kungathatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo?
Njengoba sesibonile kulezi zinsuku, kunzima ukubikezela ukuthi izintaba-mlilo zizoba njani. Noma kunjalo, ukuze izibikezelo zazo zibe nembe ngangokunokwenzeka, izazi zentaba-mlilo zihlola ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide ne-sulphur dioxide.
Ukuzamazama komhlaba kungabonisa futhi ukuthi i-magma ikhuphuka ngoqweqwe loMhlaba.. Ngokutadisha lezi zimpawu, ososayensi bangabona ukuthi ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kuyaqhubeka.
Ngokuqondene nobude besikhathi sokuqhuma, kuya ngenani le-magma elikuyo, okunzima ukulazi ngoba amaphakethe we-magma material angase abe ukudla okubuyayo okuvela ezingqimbeni ezingezansi zeplanethi. Okuwukuphela kwezinsiza ezisalelwe ochwepheshe ukuze babikezele ubude besikhathi sokuqhuma ukutadisha umlando wokwakheka komhlaba nokuqhuma kwangaphambili.
Kwenzekani lapho udaka lwentaba-mlilo lufika olwandle?
Izinhlanganisela ezihlukene zincibilika emanzini olwandle, okuhlanganisa i-sodium chloride (NaCl) ne-magnesium chloride (MgCl2). Futhi khumbula ukuthi cishe i-20 ºC.
Ngakho lapho udaka luhlangana ne-brine, uchungechunge lokuhlangana kwamakhemikhali kwenzeka kube nemiphumela eyinhlekelele. Akuwona kuphela amafu amakhulu amagesi akhiqizwayo, ikakhulukazi i-hydrochloric acid (HCl) kanye nomhwamuko wamanzi (H2O). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushaqeka kwe-thermal kuholela ku-vitrification ye-dip casting. Ngokuqina ngokushesha okungaka, kungenzeka ukuqhuma.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagesi okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla angaba yingozi kubantu. Imiphumela evame kakhulu ukucasuka kwesikhumba, amehlo kanye nomgudu wokuphefumula.
Ekugcineni, izintaba-mlilo ziyingxenye yezwe lasemhlabeni, futhi kufanele sifunde ukuhlala nazo, ukuthi siyathanda noma singathandi. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukwandisa ukuqoqwa kolwazi mayelana nokwakheka kwezintaba-mlilo kanye nokusabela kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka phakathi nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo.
Ngalo mqondo, ulwazi lwesayensi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kubalingani bethu. Kumelwe sisebenzise ukwaziswa abasinika kona ukuze sithole ukuthi kungani izintaba-mlilo ziqhuma futhi kungani sigwema izingozi ezizibangelayo ngangokunokwenzeka.