Kuwo wonke umlando, kuye kwabhalwa izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zokubala izinombolo ezihlobene nokuthuthukiswa kwempucuko emikhulu. Ezidume kakhulu yilezi: abaseGibhithe, abaseBhabhiloni, amaRoma, amaShayina, uhlelo okwamanje esilwazi ngokuthi idesimali noma i-Indo-Arabic, kanye nohlelo lwamaMaya. Eyokugcina, esetshenziswa impucuko yangaphambi kwe-Columbian, iqukethe uhlelo lwezinombolo zamadesimali, okungukuthi, ezisekelweni zamashumi amabili. Ngokusho kwamarekhodi omlando, uhlelo luyi-vigesimal ngoba lusekelwe esibalweni senani leminwe nezinzwane. I izinombolo zamaya Bezaziwa kuwo wonke umlando nanamuhla.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ukuthi yiziphi izinombolo zamaMeya, yiziphi izici zazo, imvelaphi nokubaluleka kwazo.
Impucuko yamaMeya
Ngaphambi kokukhuluma ngohlelo lwezinombolo zamaMaya, kufanele sichaze kafushane ukuthi ayengobani ukuze siqonde ukubaluleka kwawo okukhulu ezweni laseMelika kanye nokubaluleka kwesistimu yawo yezinombolo.
AmaMaya ayengamanye amasiko amakhulu esifundeni samasiko esaziwa ngokuthi iMesoamerica, ehlala eMesoamerica kusukela ngekhulu lama-XNUMX BC kuya ekhulwini le-XNUMX AD. Ayengelinye lamadolobha abaluleke kakhulu kulo lonke elaseMelika futhi badlala indima ebalulekile ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kwamasiko kulo lonke elaseMelika naseMesoamerica. Nakuba yayinakekelwa amakhulu amaningi eminyaka, iqiniso liwukuthi ayizange ibe nokubaluleka okufanayo kuzo zonke lezi zikhathi, kodwa noma kunjalo, isimiso sayo sezibalo sasakazekela emadolobheni amaningi.
Naphezu kokuba abantu basendulo abanjalo, iqiniso liwukuthi amaMaya ayengamanye amasiko athuthuke kakhulu, azuza intuthuko emkhakheni wesayensi ngaphambi kwezizwe eziningi zaseYurophu zangaleso sikhathi, hhayi emlandweni waseMelika kuphela kodwa nasemlandweni wesintu.
izinombolo zamaya
Ihlotshaniswa nesistimu yezinombolo zamaMaya, sithola umbhalo wamaMaya, uhlelo lwezithombe lwamaMaya lapho inani elikhulu lama-pictographs lahlanganiswa nezinye izimpawu ukwenza uhlelo lokubhala ebanzi futhi eyinkimbinkimbi, okungenzeka kube eyokuqala yesistimu enkulu yokubhala yaseMesoamerican. Ukudweba ukufana nento eyaziwa kangcono, singasho ukuthi ukubhala kweMayan kufana kakhulu nokubhala kwaseGibhithe, ikakhulukazi mayelana ne-hieroglyphics.
Ngomshini ofana nama-glyphs asetshenziswa ekubhaleni, sithola ukuba khona kohlelo lwezinombolo, olusebenzisa nenani elikhulu lezimpawu. Lezi zimpawu zihlobene nosuku, inyanga kanye nonyaka, njengoba uhlelo lwezinombolo zamaMaya lwalungagxilile ekuxazululeni izinkinga zezibalo, kodwa ngokuphambene neningi labantu baseYurophu, ukusebenzisa kwabo uhlelo lwezinombolo kwakuwukukala isikhathi. njengekhalenda lamaMaya. Kwakuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu sempucuko.
Uhlelo lwezinombolo zamaMaya lwalunamandla., izimpawu ezisetshenziselwa ukumelela izinto ezifana nemigqa, iminenke, namachashazi, yingakho iningi lezimpawu ezimelela izinombolo zifana kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isistimu nayo i-positional, ishintsha inani lenombolo kuye ngokuthi uphawu lukuphi, ukwandisa inombolo ngohlelo olusekelwe ekuphakameni okuningi.
Kufanele futhi kucatshangelwe ukuthi kulesi sifundo sikhuluma ngohlelo oluyisisekelo lwezinombolo zamaMaya, njengoba kwakukhona ezinye, izinhlelo ezilula, okuyinto esetshenziswa esicini esisodwa kuphela sempilo, njengesistimu yokuhweba engavamile ukusetshenziswa noma isistimu yezimo zekhanda ezisetshenziswa emibhalweni lapho izinombolo zimelelwa izithombe zekhanda.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ukuze siqhubeke nokufunda ngohlelo lwezinombolo zamaMeya kanye nezinombolo zamaMeya, sidinga ukuxoxa ngezindlela ezisetshenziswa ukubhala lezi zinombolo, okubalulekile ukubona izibonelo ukuze siqonde ukubaluleka kwezimpawu.
Uhlelo lokubhala lwedijithali lwe-Mayan lusekelwe ezintweni ezi-3 eziyinhloko:
- Amaphuzu Amele Amayunithi
- Imivimbo ifanekisela u-5
- Umnenke wawusetshenziselwa ukumela u-0, inombolo engajwayelekile kwezinye izakhamuzi zaseMesoamerica.
Ngokusebenzisa lezi zimpawu ezintathu, ama-maya adala izinombolo ukusuka ku-0 kuye ku-20, lapho u-0 ewumnenke, futhi ezinye izinombolo zenziwa ngokungeza amadashi namachashazi., njengo-6, umelelwe umugqa nechashazi. Umqondo oyisisekelo wezinombolo ezingamashumi amabili zokuqala ukusebenzisa imigqa namachashazi ukudala noma iyiphi inombolo.
Uhlelo lwezinombolo zamaMaya olwalusetshenziswa impucuko yaseMayan yangaphambi kweColumbian lwaluwuhlelo lwezinombolo zamadesimali, okungukuthi, isisekelo samashumi amabili. Umthombo walesi sisekelo sokubala inkomba yeminwe etholakala ngokungeza iminwe nezinzwane. Kuhlelo lwezinombolo lwe-Mayan, ihluzo zisekelwe kuzimpawu. Izimpawu ezisetshenzisiwe zingamachashazi namabha avundlile. futhi, esimweni sikaziro, ama-oval afana namagobolondo asolwandle.
Isamba samachashazi amahlanu senza ibha, ngakho uma besingabhala inombolo yesishiyagalombili ngophawu lwesiMayan, besizosebenzisa amachashazi amathathu kubha. Izinombolo 4, 5 kanye no-20 zazibalulekile kumaMaya ngoba ayekholelwa ukuthi u-5 wakha iyunithi (isandla), kanti inombolo yesi-4 yayihlotshaniswa nesamba samayunithi amane ka-5, owakha umuntu (iminwe engu-20). .
Ukumelwa kwezinombolo kwamaMaya ingaphansi kokuhleleka noma izinga loguquko, futhi njalo isekelwe ku-20 nokuphindaphinda kwayo. Ngokomlando, izibalo zamaMayans zaqala zasebenzisa uphawu lukaziro ukuze kuthethelelwe inani elingenalutho. Ukuhlelwa kwezinombolo ezindlini zezinombolo kunikezwa ohlelweni lwezinombolo lwamaMayan.
Ukubaluleka kwezinombolo zamaMayan
Ezinambeni eziqala kumashumi amabili, isisindo senani lendawo efakiwe sishintsha inombolo ngokusekelwe kubude obuqondile inombolo ekubo. Umbono wukuthi inombolo isala endaweni engezansi, noma iyiphi inombolo ukusuka ku-0 kuye ku-20, bese kufakwa enye inombolo endaweni ephezulu, iphindwe ngo-20.
Amazinga ahlukene akhombisa inani lezikhathi lapho inombolo yokuqala iphindaphindwa ngamashumi amabili, kanti ukuphakama kwenombolo enkulu kunazo zonke nakho kuhlukile.
Ezinye izibonelo zesistimu yezinombolo zamaMayan yilezi ezilandelayo:
- 25: Ichashazi elingaphezulu liphindaphindwa ngamashumi amabili, kanti umugqa ophansi umele amahlanu.
- 20: Ichashazi elingenhla liphindaphindwa ngamashumi amabili, kanti umnenke ongezansi umele uziro.
- 61: Amachashazi amathathu aphezulu aphindaphindwa ngamashumi amabili, okusho ukuthi angama-60, kanti ichashazi elingezansi limele u-1.
- 122: Amachashazi amabili angezansi amelela u-2, kanti ichashazi nomugqa phezulu kumele umkhiqizo ka-20.
- 8000: Iphuzu elilodwa lesithathu elineminenke, umnenke ngamunye umele uziro, futhi ngenxa yokuba khona kwamazinga amathathu, ukhomba ngokuphindwe kathathu amashumi amabili.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezinombolo ze-mesh nokubaluleka kwazo.