Izinkanyezi ezinomsila ziyindikimba yasezulwini eye yahlaba umxhwele abantu kusukela baqala ukuyibona. Ngokufika kwesayensi, kuzokwazi ukuthengisa ukuthi yiziphi izici nemvelaphi yayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ungakwazi ukwazi umkhondo wezinkanyezi ezinomsila futhi ubone ukuthi zimelela luphi usongo. Kuningi izinkanyezi ezinomsila wesimiso sonozungezilanga ezinomlando wazo futhi singazibona ngeso lengqondo minyaka yonke.
Kulesi sihloko sizokukhombisa ukuthi yimaphi amagama ama-comets esimisweni sonozungezilanga nokuthi yiziphi izici abanazo.
Izici zezinkanyezi ezinomsila ohlelweni sonozungezilanga
Ngaphakathi kwe-Solar System, lapho uMhlaba ukhona, izinkanyezi ezinomsila ziyizinto zasezulwini ezilandela ama-orbital trajectories. Lezi zinto ezikhanyayo ziyizinsalela zokuqala kwesistimu yethu cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.600 edlule, lapho ukuwa kwe-solar nebula kubangela ukubonakala kwama-protostars amaningi.
Ukwakheka kwalokhu kwakheka kuqukethe ingqikithi eyakhiwe ngeqhwa elomile elineqhwa, amanzi, idwala nezinye izinto ezihlukahlukene ezifana ne-ammonia, i-methane nezinsimbi ezithile, ezihlala ziqinile ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu.
Njengoba lezi zindikimba zasemkhathini zisondela eLangeni futhi zithola amazinga okushisa akhuphukayo, iqhwa elingaphakathi kwawo lishintsha libe igesi, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwekhoma noma umkhathi ofana nezinwele. Lo mkhathi uyakhula kancane kancane futhi, uqhutshwa ukunyakaza kwawo kanye nomoya welanga, ubheke ngaseLangeni futhi ekugcineni uguquke ube umsila.
Ngo-2014, abacwaningi bathola okuphawulekayo ngesikhathi somkhankaso we-Rosetta probe: izinkanyezi ezinomsila, ohambweni lwazo lwasezulwini, zikhipha imisindo ezwakalayo. Kodwa-ke, le misindo ayizwakali endlebeni yomuntu, ngoba izibonakalisa njengama-oscillations of the magnetic field nemvamisa engaba ngu-40-50 millihertz.
Ubukhulu benkanyezi enomsila
Mayelana nobukhulu, Ingqikithi ivamise ukukala amakhilomitha ayi-10 ububanzi ngokwesilinganiso, nakuba kwezinye izimo ingakhula ifike kumakhilomitha angama-50.. Ngokuphambene, umsila unamandla okunweba izigidi zamakhilomitha.
Njengoba isondela eLangeni, ubukhulu bento bungahluka kakhulu, kuyenze iguquguquke kakhulu ngokwemvelo.
Kunezinhlobo eziyisithupha zezigaba ngokuya ngosayizi wazo:
- Ukuthola izinkanyezi ezinomsila ezincane kubangela inselele enkulu ngenxa ye-nucleus yazo encane kakhulu, enesilinganiso esingaphansi kwamakhilomitha angu-1,5.
- I-nucleus yenkanyezi enomsila ivamise ukuba phakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-1,5 no-3 ngosayizi.
- Inkanyezi enomsila ephakathi nendawo ngokuvamile inobubanzi be-nucleus obusuka kumakhilomitha ama-3 kuye kwayisi-6.
- I-nucleus yenkanyezi enomsila enkulu ngokuvamile inobubanzi obuphakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-6 no-10.
- Ububanzi be-nucleus yenkanyezi enomsila omkhulu ngokuvamile buhluka phakathi kwamakhilomitha ayi-10 kuya kwangu-50.
- Ububanzi beComet Goliath budlula amakhilomitha angama-50.
Imizila nezikhathi
Imizila yenkanyezi enomsila iveza umumo oyi-elliptical futhi ihlukaniswa yaba imijikelezo emifushane, emaphakathi noma emide ngokuya ngobude bayo, njengoba kuchazwe ngezansi:
- Umjikelezo omfushane ibhekisela esikhathini esingaphansi kweminyaka engama-20.
- Umjikelezo ophakathi Ingena phakathi kwebanga leminyaka engama-20 kuye kwengama-200.
- Umjikelezo omude ibhekisela enkathini engaphezu kweminyaka engu-200 futhi, kwezinye izimo, le mijikelezo ingase inwebe izinkulungwane zeminyaka.
Imvelaphi yenkanyezi enomsila ingachazwa ngokusekelwe emzileni wayo, okubangela ukuqagela. Izinkanyezi ezinomsila ezinomjikelezo omfushane kukholakala ukuthi ziqhamuka eKuiper Belt, kanti izinkanyezi ezinomsila zesikhathi eside zivela ezindaweni ezikude njenge-Oort Cloud.
Ingabe zikhona ezinye izinhlobo zezinto zasezulwini?
Ubukhulu bomkhathi buhlanganisa inani elingenakubalwa lezinto, likhulu kangangokuthi ulwazi lwethu ngazo aluphelele. Lezi zakhi, ezaziwa ngokuthi izindikimba zasezulwini, zihlala ngale kweplanethi yethu, emkhathini ongaphandle.
Ngaphezu kwezinkanyezi ezinomsila, izindikimba zasezulwini njengezinkanyezi, amaplanethi, amasathelayithi, ama-asteroids nama-meteorite ahlala ndawonye endaweni enkulukazi. Nakuba ezinye zingabonakala zifana lapho zibonwa okokuqala, Izici zabo eziyingqayizivele zibahlukanisa, zibabeke esigabeni esihlukile. Izibonelo zalezi zici zifaka phakathi ubukhulu bazo, ukwakheka kwazo, indawo, umkhondo, kanye nohlobo lomkhathi ezinawo.
Izinkanyezi ezinomsila wesimiso sonozungezilanga ezidumile
I-Halley comet
Enye yezinkanyezi ezinomsila owaziwa kakhulu futhi ecwaningwe kabanzi i-Halley's Comet. Le nkanyezi enomsila inomjikelezo omfushane, olinganiselwa eminyakeni engaba ngu-76 emzileni wayo. Okuyihlukanisayo ukuzungeza kwayo emuva, okusho ukuthi ihamba ibheke kolunye uhlangothi lwamaplanethi. Ukutholakala kwe-Halley's Comet kungashiwo ku-Edmund Halley ngo-1705, owasebenzisa imithetho kaNewton ukuze aqonde isimo sayo sezikhathi ezithile. Uma sibheka phambili, kulindeleke ukuthi ngesikhathi esilandelayo iComet kaHalley ifika endaweni esondelene kakhulu neLanga (perihelion) kube ngo-2061.
Nishimura Comet
Inkanyezi enomsila yokugcina ukusondela kithi, uComet Nishimura, manje isingene emkhakheni wethu wokubuka usuka eMhlabeni. Kwembulwe ngo-Agasti 11, 2023, Le nto yasezulwini okwamanje isendleleni ebheke emzileni weLanga lethu. I-NASA ixwayisa ngokuthi ukubikezela ngokunembile ukuziphatha kwayo kuwumsebenzi ongenakunqotshwa ngenxa yamathuba okuthi umnyombo wayo uphuke ngesikhathi isondela kunkanyezi yethu.
I-ZTF Comet
I-Comet ZTF, eyaziwa ngokuthi "inkanyezi enomsila eluhlaza," ibe nokuhlangana okuseduze ne-Jupiter futhi inenkathi ende ngokuphawulekayo ye-orbital yeminyaka engu-50.000, okubonisa ukuthi ayikaze isondele eMhlabeni kusukela enkathini ye-Upper Paleolithic.
UComet Hale-Bopp
Inkanyezi enomsila iHale-Bopp, nakuba ingafinyeleli amakhilomitha angu-50, ibhekwa kabanzi njengenkanyezi enomsila, njengoba ikala amakhilomitha angu-40 ahlaba umxhwele ngosayizi. Kwambulwa emhlabeni wonke ngo-1995, sahlobisa isibhakabhaka isikhathi eside futhi sahlala sibonakala izinyanga ezimbalwa zilandelana. Kodwa-ke, kuzoba yinkathi emangalisayo yeminyaka engaphezu kuka-2.000 ngaphambi kokuba ihlangane noMhlaba.
Umenzi wezicathulo-Levy Comet
Ngo-1993, ukutholakala kwe-Comet Shoemaker-Levy kwanikeza isintu ithuba eliyingqayizivele lokubona ukungqubuzana okubukhoma phakathi kwezidalwa zasemkhathini, njengoba yanyamalala kabuhlungu lapho ishayisana ne-Jupiter ngemva nje konyaka.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana negama lezinkanyezi ezinomsila ohlelweni lwelanga kanye nezici zabo.