izinhlobo zezibonakude

Ubaba wesayensi yezinkanyezi yesimanje ngo-1609, isazi sefiziksi sase-Italy uGalileo Galilei, owayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokufakazela ukuthi uMhlaba uzungeza ilanga, wenza okuthile okwashintsha unomphela umlando wesayensi nendlela esibuka ngayo indawo yonke. Wasungula isibonakude. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ezahlukene izinhlobo zezibonakude njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka. Sithola izibonakude ezingase zisetshenziswe ososayensi kuphela kanye nezibonakude kubantu abavamile.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zezibonakude ezikhona, izici zazo kanye nomsebenzi ngamunye wazo.

Ziyini izibonakude

Itheleskopu iyithuluzi lokubona elikuvumela ukuthi ubone izinto ezikude nezindikimba zasemkhathini ngokuningiliziwe kunokubonwa ngeso lenyama. Okungukuthi, iyithuluzi elikwazi ukubamba imisebe ye-electromagnetic njengokukhanya.

Ikhono lezibonakude lokucubungula amaza kagesi, kuhlanganise nalawo e-spectrum ebonakalayo, lisiholela ekugcizeleleni ukuthi nakuba umqondo ovamile wokuthi izibonakude zikhulisa ubukhulu bezinto ngochungechunge lwamalensi, akulona iqiniso.

Ngamanye amazwi, esikhundleni sokukhulisa isithombe ngengilazi ekhulisayo, isibonakude siqoqa ukukhanya (noma olunye uhlobo lwemisebe kagesi) oluvela ezintweni ezisemkhathini esifuna ukuzibona futhi, ngemva kokucubungula lolu lwazi olukhanyayo, lukwakha kabusha kube yizinto ezisemkhathini. isithombe. Azisikhulisi isithombe.

izinhlobo zezibonakude

Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-80 ezihlukene zezibonakude, kodwa umehluko phakathi kweziningi zazo ucashile futhi ubalulekile kuphela ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe. Ngakho-ke, sihlanganise zonke lezi zinhlobo futhi sazihlukanisa ngemindeni eyisisekelo ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni lwemisebe kagesi ezingakwazi ukuphatha kanye nomklamo wazo oyisisekelo.

isibonakude se-optical

Uma sicabanga ngezibonakude, ngokuyisisekelo sicabanga ngezibonakude ezibonakalayo. Bayakwazi ukucubungula ingxenye yemisebe ye-electromagnetic ehambisana ne-spectrum ebonakalayo, okuyinto inamaza aphakathi kuka-780 nm (obomvu) no-380 nm (violet).

Ngamanye amazwi, ziyizibonakude ezithwebula ukukhanya ezintweni esifuna ukuzibona. Lezi zisetshenziswa ziyakwazi ukukhulisa usayizi obonakalayo nokukhanya kwezinto. Kuye ngokuthi zithwebula futhi zicubungule kanjani ukukhanya, izibonakude zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko: ama-refractor, ama-reflector, noma izibuko ze-catadioptric.

ama-telescopes aphikisayo

I-refracting telescope iyithelesikophu yokubona esebenzisa amalensi ukwenza izithombe. Ayaziwa nangokuthi ama-diopter, yilawo asetshenziswa ngaphambi kokwethulwa kobuchwepheshe obuthuthuke kakhulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, futhi asasetshenziswa izazi zezinkanyezi eziyimfundamakhwela.

Iwuhlobo lwetheleskopu eyaziwa kakhulu. Iqukethe isethi yamalensi athwebula ukukhanya futhi akugxilise kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-focal point, lapho i-eyepiece ikhona. Imisebe ekhanyayo iyahlehla (shintsha indlela kanye nesivinini) njengoba idlula kulolu hlelo lwelensi eguqukayo, okubangela imisebe ehambisanayo evela ezintweni ezikude ukuthi ihlangane iye endaweni ethile endizeni egxile kuyo. Ikuvumela ukuthi ubone izinto ezinkulu, ezikhanyayo nezikude, kodwa ilinganiselwe kakhulu ezingeni lobuchwepheshe.

Isibonakude esibonakalisayo

Isibonakude esikhanyayo isibonakude esibonakalayo esisebenzisa izibuko esikhundleni samalensi ukuze sakhe isithombe. Ekuqaleni yaklanywa u-Isaac Newton ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Ezibuye zibizwe ngokuthi izibonisi, zivame kakhulu kusayensi yezinkanyezi eyimfundamakhwela, nakuba izindawo zokubuka izinto ezichwepheshile zisebenzisa okuhlukile okubizwa ngokuthi i-Cassegrain esekelwe kumgomo ofanayo kodwa enomklamo oyinkimbinkimbi.

Nokho,, kubalulekile ukuthi zenziwe ngezibuko ezimbili. Enye isekupheleni kweshubhu futhi yiyona ebonisa ukukhanya, ikuthumele esibukweni esibizwa ngokuthi isibuko sesibili, esibuye siqondise ukukhanya ku-eyepiece. Ixazulula ezinye izinkinga ngezifanisi, njengokungagqoki amalensi kuxazulula okunye ukuphambuka kwechromatic (hhayi ukuhlanekezelwa kokukhanya okuningi) futhi kukuvumela ukuthi ubone izinto zikude, noma zingezekhwalithi yokubona ephansi kunezikhanyeli. Ngakho-ke, ziwusizo ekubhekeni izinto ezikude ezikude, njengemithala noma ama-nebula ajulile.

i-catadioptric telescope

Isibonakude se-catadioptric isibonakude sokubona esebenzisa amalensi nezibuko ukwakha isithombe. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zalolu hlobo lwesibonakude, kodwa esidume kakhulu yilesi esikhulume ngayo ekuqaleni: isibonakude iCassegrain. Zenzelwe ukuxazulula izinkinga ezidalwa ama-refractors kanye nama-reflectors.

Zinekhwalithi enhle yokubona (hhayi phezulu njengezinqamuleli), kodwa ngeke zikuvumele ukuthi ubone izinto ezikude, ezifiphele njengezibonisi. Lolu hlobo lwesibonakude lunezibuko ezintathu. Kunesibuko esiyinhloko esitholakala endaweni engemuva, esimise okwe-concave ukuze sigxile kukho konke ukukhanya esikuqoqayo endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-spotlight. Bese kuba isibuko sesibili esiyi-convex ngaphambili sibonisa isithombe sibuyela esibukweni esiyinhloko, esibonisa isithombe esibukweni sesithathu esivele sithumela ukukhanya kulokho okuqondiwe.

isibonakude somsakazo

Sayishintsha ngokuphelele indawo futhi siqhubeka nokubuka izibonakude, okuthi nakuba ziyizibonakude, azifani neze nezithombe zesibonakude esinazo. Izibonakude zomsakazo ziqukethe uthi oluthwebula imisebe ye-electromagnetic ehambisana namaza omsakazo, anamaza aphakathi kwama-microns ayi-100 namakhilomitha ayi-100. Esikhundleni sokuthwebula ukukhanya, ithwebula amaza omsakazo akhishwa izinto zasemkhathini.

isibonakude se-infrared

Izibonakude ze-infrared zihlanganisa ithuluzi elikwazi ukuthatha imisebe ye-electromagnetic ehambisana nemisebe ye-infrared, amagagasi awo anobude obuphakathi kuka-15.000 nm no-760-780 nm, ngaleyo ndlela kukhawulelwe ingxenye ebomvu yobubanzi obubonakalayo obungabambi ukukhanya kodwa imisebe ye-infrared. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuqeda ngokuphelele ukuphazamiseka emkhathini woMhlaba, kodwa futhi kusinikeza ulwazi oluthakazelisa kakhulu mayelana "nenhliziyo" yomthala.

i-x-ray telescope

I-X-ray telescope iyithuluzi elikwazi ukubuka izinto zasemkhathini ezikhipha imisebe ye-electromagnetic ku-X-ray spectrum, ngamaza aphakathi kuka-0,01 nm no-10 nm. Zisivumela ukuthi sibone izinto ezingakhiphi ukukhanya, kodwa kunalokho esivame ukukubiza ngokuthi imisebe, njengezimbobo ezimnyama. Njengoba umkhathi woMhlaba ungawavumeli la ma-X-ray asuka emkhathini ukuba angene, lezi zibonakude kufanele zifakwe kumasathelayithi.

isibonakude se-ultraviolet

I-telescope ye-ultraviolet, ithuluzi elisivumela ukuthi sibone izinto zasezulwini, likhipha imisebe ye-electromagnetic ku-spectrum ye-ultraviolet, ngamaza amaza aphakathi kuka-10 no-320 nanometers, ngakho iyimisebe eseduze nama-X ray. Ngamanye amazwi, lezi zibonakude zinikeza ukwaziswa okuyigugu kakhulu mayelana nokuvela kwemithala nama-white dwarfs.

Isibonakude saseCherenkov

Isibonakude i-Cherenkov iyithuluzi elithola imisebe ye-gamma evela ezintweni ezinamandla njenge-supernovae noma i-galactic nuclei esebenza kakhulu. Imisebe ye-Gamma inobude begagasi obungaphansi kwepicometer engu-1. Njengamanje kunezibonakude ezine ezinjalo emhlabeni futhi zinikeza ukwaziswa okubaluleke kakhulu mayelana nemithombo yesayensi yezinkanyezi yale misebe ye-gamma.

Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezinhlobo zezibonakude ezikhona kanye nezici zazo.