La i-spectroscopy Kuyindlela esetshenziswa emagatsheni ahlukahlukene esayensi ukutadisha ukusebenzisana phakathi kwemisebe ye-electromagnetic kanye nendaba. Isekelwe ekuhlaziyweni okunemininingwane yokukhanya noma ezinye izinhlobo zemisebe ka-electromagnetic, ihlukanise izingxenye zayo ngazinye futhi ihlole izici ezithile zayo ngayinye.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi iyini i-spectroscopy, izici zayo nokubaluleka kwayo.
Yini i-spectroscopy
Ngamazwi alula, singaqonda ukukhanya njengenhlanganisela yemibala ehlukene noma amaza obude. I-Spectroscopy isivumela ukuthi sihlukanise ukukhanya ku-spectrum yayo, esukela kumaza amaza amafushane, njengama-X-ray nama-gamma ray, kuya kumaza amade amaza, njengama-microwave namaza omsakazo. Ngayinye yalezi zifunda ze-electromagnetic spectrum inezakhiwo nokuziphatha okuhlukile.
I-Spectroscopy isetshenziswa emikhakheni eminingi yesayensi, njenge-physics, chemistry, astronomy, kanye ne-biology, phakathi kokunye. Inikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nokwakheka, ukwakheka, kanye nezimpawu zento. Ngokutadisha ububanzi bemisebe ekhishwayo, emuncwa, noma esakazwa into ethile, singathola ulwazi mayelana nama-athomu, ama-molecule, noma izinhlayiya ezakha leyo nto.
Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene ze-spectroscopy, ngayinye esetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya izinhlobo ezahlukene zemisebe ye-electromagnetic futhi ifinyelele imigomo ehlukene. Amanye amasu ajwayelekile afaka i-spectroscopy yokumuncwa, i-emission spectroscopy, i-fluorescence spectroscopy, kanye ne-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, ukusho ezimbalwa.
izinhlobo ze-spectroscopy
I-Spectroscopy isetshenziselwa ukuqonda izakhiwo zamakhemikhali ngokuhlaziya inani lokukhanya elimuncayo. Lokhu isisiza ukuthi sinqume ukuthi kuyini ukwakheka kwento. Sinezinhlobo ezimbalwa ze-spectroscopy, kuye ngokuthi siyisebenzisela ini. Nawa aziwa kakhulu:
- i-mass spectroscopy
- I-spectroscopy yokumuncwa kwe-athomu.
- I-Raman spectroscopy
- i-infrared spectroscopy
I-mass spectrometry (noma i-atomic mass spectrometry) indlela esetshenziselwa ukunquma isisindo se-athomu sama-athomu noma ama-molecule esampula ngamakhemikhali e-ionizing nokuhlukanisa ama-ion ngokusekelwe kwisilinganiso sawo, ubukhulu, noma ukushaja.
Ama-spectrometer amaningi amaningi asebenzisa inqubo ebizwa nge-electron impact ionization. Le nqubo isebenzisa i-electron beam ukuze isuse i-electron (noma ama-electron) ku-molecule, yakha i-cation enkulu. Ama-radical cation anjalo aziwa nangokuthi ama-ion omzali noma ama-ion amangqamuzana.
Igrafu ekhombisayo ubukhulu besignali yomtshina ngokumelene nenqwaba ye-athomu ye-ion ibizwa ngokuthi i-mass spectrum. Ama-Isotopes ama-athomu e-elementi efanayo anenani elifanayo lamaphrothoni (inombolo ye-athomu) kodwa izinombolo ezihlukene zesisindo (inani elihlukile lama-neutron).
i-spectroscopy yokumuncwa kwe-athomu
I-spectroscopy yokumuncwa kwe-athomu yinqubo yokuhlaziya i-spectrum ebonakalayo noma ye-ultraviolet ukuze kutholwe ngokwenani ukukhanya kwamakhemikhali okukhishwa ama-athomu egesi. Lena inqubo esetshenziswa kukhemistri ukuze kunqunywe ukugxilwa kwe-analyte, okuyingxenye ethile kusampula.
Manje ake sibone ukuthi i-spectroscopy yokumuncwa kwe-athomu isebenza kanjani. Le nqubo isuselwe emthethweni we-Beer-Lambert, okuhlobene nokumuncwa kokukhanya yi-elementi futhi ikuhlobanise nezici ze-elementi ethile. Ama-electron angadlulela kumazinga aphezulu wamandla ngoba amunca amandla. Lokhu, kuhambisana nokukhanya okunobude beza obuthile, sibonga ngakho ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izakhi ezikusampula, njengoba ubude beza beza buhambisana nento ethile.
I-Raman spectroscopy
I-Raman spectroscopy iyindlela esetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya ukusebenzisana phakathi kokukhanya nendaba. Le nqubo isekelwe kumphumela we-Raman, owatholwa usosayensi waseNdiya u-CV Raman ngo-1928, okubandakanya ukushintsha kwamandla okukhanya uma kusebenzisana nesampula.
Uma ukukhanya kuwela kusampula, okunye ukukhanya kuyahlakazeka futhi amandla ako ashintshe. Lolu shintsho kumandla lubangelwa ukusebenzisana kwama-photon okukhanya nama-molecule esampula. Amanye ama-photon athola amandla, kuyilapho amanye elahlekelwa. Lokhu kuhlakazeka kokukhanya kubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlakazeka kweRaman, futhi ukukhanya okuhlakazekile kwaziwa ngokuthi ukukhanya kweRaman.
I-Raman spectroscopy isebenzisa leli thuba ukuze ithole ulwazi mayelana nokwakheka kanye nesakhiwo samangqamuzana esampula. Ukukhanya kwe-Raman okuhlakazekile kunobude begagasi obuhluke kancane kunokukhanya kwesigameko., futhi lo mehluko waziwa ngokuthi i-Raman shift. Ukushintsha kwe-Raman kunikeza ulwazi mayelana nokudlidliza kwamangqamuzana nezindlela zokuzungezisa ama-molecule kusampula.
Ukuze wenze lokhu, kusetshenziswa ithuluzi elibizwa ngokuthi i-Raman spectrometer. Leli thuluzi liqukethe i-laser enamandla kakhulu ekhipha ukukhanya kwe-monochromatic, eqondiswe kusampula. Lapho ukukhanya okuvela ku-laser kuhlangana nama-molecule kusampula, ukuhlakazeka kwe-Raman kwenzeka. Ukukhanya kwe-Raman okuhlakazekile kuyaqoqwa futhi kuqondiswe kumtshina, orekhoda amandla okukhanya njengomsebenzi wobude bawo beza.
i-infrared spectroscopy
I-infrared spectroscopy iyindlela yokuhlaziya esetshenziselwa ukukhomba amaqembu asebenzayo kuma-molecule ephilayo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-spectrometer asetshenziswa ku-infrared spectroscopy: i-dispersive infrared radiation spectrometers kanye ne-Fourier iguqula i-infrared radiation spectrometers.
Ngesikhathi senqubo ye-infrared spectroscopy izinyathelo ezilandelayo zenziwa:
- Umsebe wemisebe udlula kusampula.
- Isampula ku-spectrometer imunca imisebe ye-infrared.
- Uma ukumuncwa sekutholakele futhi kwahlaziywa, i-spectrum yokumuncwa iyaphrintwa noma iboniswe kukhompuyutha.
Zonke izinhlanganisela eziphilayo zimunca imisebe ye-infrared kumaza ahlukene ngamaza ngamabhondi phakathi kwama-molecule. Lapho ama-athomu ehlangana, ayavevezela njalo. Lapho ama-molecule e-organic emunca imisebe ye-infrared, izibopho phakathi kwama-athomu ahlukene zidlidliza kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, izibopho eziqinile kuma-molecule nazo ziyadlidliza futhi ziphoqelelwe ukwelula, ukugoba, noma ukusonteka. Wonke ama-molecule adlidliza ngemvamisa ethile. Ibhondi ngayinye ngaphakathi kwe-molecule inemvamisa yemvelo eyingqayizivele yokudlidliza.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-spectroscopy nezici zayo.