Emhlabeni we-physics, i izinhlayiya ze-subatomic ukuchaza izakhiwo zodaba ezincane. Kulokhu, i-athomu iyingxenye yalezi zakhiwo futhi yizo ezinquma izici zayo. Izinhlayiya ze-Subatomic zingaba izinhlobo eziningi futhi zibaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni udaba.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nezinhlayiya ze-subatomic, izici zabo nezinhlobo ezikhona.
Yiziphi izinhlayiya ze-subatomic
Kuwo wonke umlando, abantu bebelokhu betadisha izinto futhi baye bahlongoza izinkolelo-mbono nezindlela ezihlukahlukene zesayensi yezinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu ezakha yonke into.
Ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwethiyori ye-quantum, i-electrochemistry, i-nuclear physics kanye nezinye iziyalo, amamodeli e-athomu ahlukene ahlongozwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo abonakala eyizinhlobo eziqondile ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ngakho-ke, njengoba sazi sonke namuhla, i-athomu iyiyunithi encane kakhulu yokuthola izinto futhi inezici zezakhi zamakhemikhali, Iqukethe i-nucleus yezinhlayiya eziningi ze-vacuum futhi kuyo izinhlayiya ezinkulu kakhulu zigxilile. Amaphesenti obunzima bayo nezinye izinhlayiya (ama-electron) azungezayo.
Ucwaningo lokuhlola ngezinhlayiya ze-subatomic lunzima, ngoba eziningi zazo azinzile futhi zingabonwa kuphela kuma-accelerator ezinhlayiyana. Nokho, eziqine kakhulu, njengama- electron, ama- proton, nama- neutron, zaziwa kakhulu.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ama-proton nama-neutron angahlukaniswa abe yizinhlayiya ezilula ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-quark. Izinhlayiya ze-Subatomic zihlukaniswa ngokuya ngamazinga ahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, izinhlayiya ezidume kakhulu nezizinzile ziyizinhlobo ezintathu: ama-electron, ama-proton, nama-neutron. Izinhlayiya ezihlukile kwenye ngokushaja kwazo (negative, positive, and neutral, ngokulandelana) kanye nesisindo sazo, noma ngenxa yokuthi ama-electron ayizici eziyisisekelo kanti ezimbili zokugcina ziyinhlanganisela. Futhi, ama-electron azungeza i-nucleus, kuyilapho ama-proton ne-neutron akha i-nucleus.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-proton ne-neutron, njengezinhlayiya eziyinhlanganisela, zingahlukaniswa zibe ezinye izinhlayiya ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-quark, ezixhunywe ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlayiya ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-gluons. Kokubili ama-quark nama-gluons ayizinhlayiya ezingahlukaniseki, okungukuthi, izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo. Kunezinhlobo eziyisithupha zama-quark: phezulu (phezulu), phansi (phansi), intelezi (intelezi), isimanga (inqaba), phezulu (phezulu) naphansi (phansi).
Ngokufanayo, kukhona ama-photon, okuyizinhlayiya ze-subatomic ezibhekene nokusebenzisana kwe-electromagnetic, kanye nama-neutrino nama-gauge bosons, abangela amandla enuzi abuthakathaka. Ekugcineni, kukhona i-Higgs boson, inhlayiya eyatholwa ngo-2012, enesibopho sobuningi bazo zonke ezinye izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo (yonke into eyenza indawo yonke).
Ukuziphatha kwezinhlayiya eziyisisekelo kuyinselele yesayensi. Nakuba i-quantum mechanics kanye nemodeli evamile yezinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zichaza uhlaka lwethiyori lwalo mhlaba we-subatomic ngendlela eyimpumelelo emangalisayo, kusekhona inkolelo-mbono engachaza konke ukuziphatha kwendawo yonke, engaxhuma i-quantum mechanics nethiyori ka-Einstein yokuhlobana. Kunemibono ethile yalolu hlobo namuhla, njengethiyori yezintambo, kodwa ukufaneleka kwayo akukakaqinisekiswa ngokuhlola.
Yiziphi izinhlayiya ze-subatomic esizaziyo
Kubalulekile ukuthi sithi "siyazi" kunokuthi "sikhona," ngoba namuhla izazi zefiziksi ziyaqhubeka nokuthola izinto ezintsha. Ngenxa ye-accelerator yezinhlayiyana, sithola izinhlayiya ze-subatomic, ezenza ama-athomu ashayisana ngesivinini esicishe silingane nesivinini sokukhanya (amakhilomitha angu-300.000 ngomzuzwana) ngenkathi sisalinde ukuthi zibole zibe lezi zinhlayiya ze-subatomic.
Ngenxa yazo, sithole inqwaba yezinhlayiya ze-subatomic, kodwa kulinganiselwa ukuthi ziningi ezinye ezisazotholwa. Izinhlayiya zendabuko zingama-proton, ama-neutron, nama-electron, kodwa njengoba siqhubekela phambili, sithola ukuthi zakhiwe ezinye, izinhlayiya ezincane ze-subatomic. Ngakho-ke, zihlukaniswa ngokuya ngokuthi ziyizinhlayiya eziyisisekelo ze-subatomic noma izinhlayiya eziyinhlanganisela ye-subatomic.
Izinhlayiya ezihlanganisiwe ze-subatomic
Izinhlayiya eziyinhlanganisela ziyizinto zokuqala ze-subatomic ezizotholwa. Isikhathi eside (kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kukhona abanye abantu), abantu babecabanga ukuthi yibona kuphela ababekhona. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinhlayiya ze-subatomic zakhiwa ukuhlangana kwezinhlayiya eziyisisekelo esizozibona ephuzwini elilandelayo.
Proton
I-athomu iqukethe i-nucleus ye-athomu eyenziwe ngama-proton ne-neutron kanye ne-orbit yama-electron ayizungezile. I-proton iyizinhlayiya ze-subatomic ezineshaja enhle kakhulu kune-electron. Empeleni, izinga layo liphakeme izikhathi ezingu-2000 kunelakhe.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi inani lama-proton linquma isici samakhemikhali. Ngakho-ke, ama-athomu e-hydrogen ahlala enama-proton.
I-neutron
Ama-neutron ayizinhlayiya ze-subatomic ezakha i-nucleus kanye nama-proton. Ubukhulu bayo bufana ncamashí ne-proton, nakuba kuleli cala alikhokhwa. Inani lama-neutron ku-nucleus alinqumi isici (njengoba kwenza ama-proton), kodwa linquma isotopu, okuhlukile okuzinzile kakhulu noma okuncane kwe-elementi elahlekelwayo noma ezuza ama-neutron.
Hadron
Ama-Hadrons ayizinhlayiya ze-subatomic ezakhiwe ngama-quark, futhi sizobona lezi zinhlayiya eziyisisekelo kamuva. Ukuze singangeni ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, masigcine umqondo wokuthi lezi zinhlayiya zibamba ama-quark ndawonye ngenxa ukusebenzisana okukhulu kwezikhali zenuzi.
Electron
I-electron ngokwayo isivele iyizinhlayiya ze-subatomic, ngoba ingaba khona ngaphandle kwama-athomu futhi akwakhiwa ukuhlangana kwezinye izinhlayiya. Iyizinhlayiyana ezincane izikhathi ezingu-2.000 kuneproton futhi ineshaji elibi. Eqinisweni, iyiyunithi encane eshajiwe ngokwemvelo.
Quark
Ama-quark ayingxenye yama-proton nama-neutron. Namuhla, eziyisithupha zalezi zinhlayiya ze-subatomic ziyaziwa, kodwa ayikho neyodwa yazo ebonakala ikhona ngaphandle kwe-athomu. Ngamanye amazwi, ama-quark ahlala enza ama-proton nama-neutron.
Ngakho lezi zinhlayiya ezimbili ze-subatomic zikhona ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni lwe-quark oluyiqambayo. Ngamanye amazwi, uma i-elementi yamakhemikhali noma enye i-chemical element yakhiwe kuncike ekuhleleni ama-quark ayisithupha. Ukuba khona kwayo kwaqinisekiswa ngawo-1960.
Boson
I-boson iyingxenye ye-subatomic echaza ubunjalo bakho konke ukuxhumana okuyisisekelo endaweni yonke, ngaphandle kwamandla adonsela phansi. Ziyizinhlayiya ezidlulisa amandla okusebenzelana phakathi kwezinhlayiya ezisele ngandlela-thile. Ziyizinhlayiya ezithwala amandla abamba ama-proton nama-neutron ndawonye, amandla kazibuthe kagesi (okubopha ama-electron kuyinucleus ukuze ayenze i-orbit) kanye nemisebe.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezinhlayiya ze-subatomic nezici zazo.