Umthala ohlanganisa isimiso sethu sonozungezilanga, owaziwa ngokuthi i-Milky Way, uyingxube enkulu yezinkanyezi, amaplanethi namafu egesi. Imise okwe-spiral bar futhi inobubanzi obuyisilinganiso seminyaka engaba ngu-200.000 yokukhanya. Enkabeni yawo kunembobo emnyama enkulukazi, edonsa ngamandla adonsela phansi agcina amaqoqo ezinkanyezi emzileni ozinzile. Kukhona ezahlukene izingxenye zeMilky Way okuthokozisayo ukwazi.
Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko sizogxila ekuchazeni ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye ze-Milky Way, izici zayo nokunye okuningi.
Umthala wethu
Ngobusuku obunesibhakabhaka esicwathile, ungabona i-Milky Way ngeso lenyama kuphela. Kubonakala njengokukhanya okuthambile, okumhlophe okungacacile okubonakala kugubuzele indawo esesibhakabhakeni. Isizathu salokhu ukuthi isimiso sethu sonozungezilanga sisendaweni ekude, cishe iminyaka engu-25.766 yokukhanya ukusuka enkabeni yomthala, kwenye yezingalo zayo ezithandelayo. Kuthatha cishe iminyaka engu-225 million Earth ukuze iLanga lizungeze ngokuphelele isikhungo se-galactic.
Nakuba iLanga ngokuqinisekile liyinkanyezi ebalulekile, liyinkanyezi eyodwa kuphela phakathi kwamaningi angaphakathi kwe-Milky Way, equkethe amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezigidi zezinkanyezi. Lezi zinkanyezi zitholakala ikakhulukazi zihlakazekile zizodwa noma ngazimbili, kodwa kukhona namaqoqo ezinkanyezi, aziwa ngokuthi ama-globular cluster, okufanele aphawulwe. Lawa maqoqo angavalwa futhi ahlanganiswe, noma avuleke futhi ahlakazeke kakhulu, futhi Ezinye zingadlula ngisho nobukhulu beLanga izikhathi ezifika kwezingama-50.
I-Milky Way, iyonke, iqukethe izimfihlakalo eziningi ezisadida izazi zezinkanyezi nezazi zesayensi yezinkanyezi. Ubukhulu bayo obukhulu kanye nongqimba oluminyene lothuli lwasemkhathini oluvimba ukubhekwa okuqondile kwesikhungo somthala kunomthelela kule mpicabadala. Ngenxa yalokho, okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuyitadisha iwukusebenzisa izibonakude zamaza omsakazo nezibonakude ze-infrared.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ukwakheka koMfula iMilky Way kufana nokuzungeza okuyisicaba okunwebeka ebangeni leminyaka yokukhanya engaba ngu-200.000 XNUMX, kodwa kuqhele ngeminyaka yokukhanya eyinkulungwane kuphela. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi lesi simo esizungezayo asifani futhi kunalokho siyashintsha kancane kancane futhi sisonte njengoba siqhubekela ngaphandle ukusuka maphakathi nomthala.
Umthala wakhiwe inani elimangalisayo lezinkanyezi, futhi izilinganiso zisukela ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu kuya kwezingu-100. Iminyaka yalezi zinkanyezi iphinde ibe yinto ephawulekayo, njenge amadala kakhulu afinyelela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-13, ngeminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingu-600 nje encane kunowo wonke umthala.
Ososayensi baye balinganisela ukuthi phakathi neminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine, i-Milky Way nomakhelwane wayo oseduze, i-Andromeda Galaxy, bayohlangana bakhe umthala owodwa omkhulukazi.
Ukwakheka kweMilky Way kuwuhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi. Yakhiwe ngesifunda esimaphakathi esimise okwenduku, esizungezwe iphethini yengalo ezungezayo. Ibha ngokwayo icishe ibe ngu-27.000 weminyaka yokukhanya futhi yakhiwe ukuhlangana okuminyene kwezinkanyezi negesi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izingalo ezizungezayo zibanzi futhi zisuka endaweni emaphakathi, ezizungeze umthala. Lezi zingalo zibamba izinkanyezi eziningi ezisencane, ezikhanyayo futhi zimakwa ngezindawo zegesi nothuli lapho kwakha khona izinkanyezi ezintsha nezinhlelo zamaplanethi.
Izingxenye ze-Milky Way
Phakathi kwemithala eyaziwayo, i-Milky Way inesakhiwo esijwayelekile, iningi layo linomumo ozungezayo. Izingxenye ezihlukahlukene ezakha i-Milky Way zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba eziyisithupha ezihlukene, okuyilezi:
- Enkabeni yalo mthala kunenucleus yomthala, yona Empeleni iyinhliziyo ye-Milky Way. Umnyombo wakhiwe imbobo emnyama enkulukazi, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Sagittarius A, kanye nediski yokukhula eyizungezile. I-disk empeleni iyiqembu lamafu egesi ashiselwa kumazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu. Lesi sifunda sibonakala ngokukhishwa okunamandla kwemisebe ye-infrared ne-X-ray, ngenxa yokuhamba ngokushesha kwamafu egesi kanye nomsebenzi onamandla amakhulu.
- Itholakala eduze kwe-galactic core, Isibani esimaphakathi siyindilinga enabantu abaningi yamazinga amadala naphansi. Lesi sifunda futhi siyikhaya lamaqoqo ayinhloko omthala, abonakala ngokubonakalayo njengoba ephuma efwini lothuli lwenkanyezi oluzungeze umthala.
- Isifunda esivelele nesibonakala kakhulu somthala saziwa ngokuthi yi-galactic disk futhi sisuka emthaleni. maphakathi ne-galactic nucleus kuya cishe ku-75.000 light years away. Le ndawo ewudedangendlale yakhiwe iqoqo lezinkanyezi eziminyene nelikhanyayo ezandulele ukubonakala kwezingalo ezizungezayo. Idiski ngokuvamile ihlukaniswa yaba izingxenye ezimbili ezihlukene: idiski eliwugqinsi lezinkanyezi ezivuthiwe ezinomthamo omkhulu wezinto kanye nediski elincanyana lezinkanyezi ezincane ezinobukhulu obuphansi.
- Umthala ovunguzayo ubonakala ngama-appendages awo angaphandle noma "izingalo" eziwunikeza isimo sawo esiyingqayizivele. Nakuba zingabonakali kalula ngeso lenyama, Lezi zithasiselo zaqinisekiswa okokuqala ngo-1953. Nokho, ukuqonda imiphumela engokoqobo yalokhu kuseyinselele. Ingalo ngayinye ezungezayo inikezwe igama elihlukile, njengengalo yePerseus, ingalo yangaphandle, nengalo yesihlangu esiyi-centaur, phakathi kwezinye.
- Ingxenye eyindilinga yomthala iwukunwetshwa kweqhubu elimaphakathi elidlulela ngale kwezifunda ezingenhla neziphansi ze-galactic disk. Le ngxenye inomumo ocishe ube yindilinga futhi uhlala ikakhulukazi amaqoqo angaphandle angama-globular, kanye nezinkanyezi ezihlakazekile nezinkanyezi ezincane ezingenazo izakhi ezisindayo.
- Isici esiqondwa kancane sokwakheka komthala i-galactic halo, elele ngale kwengxenye ebonakalayo futhi ehlanganisa ingxenye eyindilinga yesikhala ezungeze umthala. Lesi sifunda sinenani elikhulu lezinto ezimnyama, ubuningi bazo obuthonya kakhulu ukujikeleza komthala. Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi i-galactic halo inweba cishe Iminyaka engu-100.000 yokukhanya ukusuka enkabeni futhi inesisindo esilingana nesawo wonke umthala.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezingxenye ze-Milky Way nezici zayo.