Ukushintsha kwamakhemikhali kuwushintsho lwento eshintsha ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ayo, okungukuthi, ishintsha izici zayo, hhayi nje ukuma kwayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuguquka kwamakhemikhali, okwaziwa nangokuthi i-chemical reaction noma i-chemical phenomenon, ihilela ukuphulwa nokwenza izibopho zamakhemikhali entweni eyodwa noma inhlanganisela ukuze kwakhe into entsha noma inhlanganisela. Baningi izinguquko zamakhemikhali emhlabeni
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ukuthi yiziphi izinguquko eziyinhloko zamakhemikhali ezikhona kanye nesibonelo sazo.
Ziyini izinguquko zamakhemikhali?
Lapho izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu (ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-reactants noma ama-reactants) zibhekana nokusabela kwamakhemikhali, zishintsha ukwakheka kwazo kwamakhemikhali ohlelweni futhi zikwazi ukudla (ukusabela kwe-endothermic) noma ukukhululwa (ukusabela kwe-exothermic) amandla, akhiqiza izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu (okuthiwa umkhiqizo). Okunye ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuyingozi kubantu ngoba kungase kuhilele noma kukhiqize izinhlanganisela ezinobuthi noma ezigqwalile. Okunye ukusabela, njengokusabela okuthile kwe-exothermic, kungabangela ukuqhuma.
Embonini yamakhemikhali, izinto eziningi esizisebenzisayo ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke zikhiqizwa ngokusabela kwamakhemikhali okulawulwayo. Okunye ukusabela kwenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo, okunye kufanele kukhiqizwe abantu ezimbonini noma kumalabhorethri amakhemikhali. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuthatha isikhathi esithile ukwenzeka. kuye ngohlobo lwama-reactants kanye nezimo lapho ukusabela kwenzeka khona.
Ngakho-ke, izici ezithinta izinga lokuphendula kwamakhemikhali ngokuvamile zihlanganisa:
- Izinga lokushisa liyakhuphuka. Ukwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa kuvame ukukhulisa izinga lokusabela kwamakhemikhali.
- ukwanda kwengcindezi. Ukwandisa ingcindezi ngokuvamile kwandisa izinga lokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Lokhu ngokuvamile kwenzeka lapho izinto ezizwela ukucindezela zishintsha, njengamagesi, zisabela. Endabeni yoketshezi nezinto eziqinile, izinguquko zengcindezi azibangeli izinguquko eziphawulekayo kumazinga azo okusabela.
- Isimo sokuhlanganisa i-reagent. Ama-solids ngokuvamile asabela kancane kunoketshezi noma amagesi, nakuba isivinini sibuye sincike ekusebenzeni kabusha kwento ngayinye.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwe-catalyst. Ziyizinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwandisa isivinini sokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Lezi zinto aziphazamisi ukusabela, zilawula nje izinga lokusabela okwenzeka ngalo. Kukhona futhi izinto ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-inhibitors, ezisetshenziswa ngendlela efanayo kodwa zibe nomphumela ophambene, okunciphisa ukusabela.
- amandla okukhanya. Okunye ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuyashesha lapho ukukhanya kwehla phezu kwawo.
- Ukuhlushwa kwe-reagent. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuningi kwenzeka ngokushesha uma ukugxila kwama-reactants kuphezulu.
Izibonelo Zezinguquko Zamakhemikhali
Noma yikuphi ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuyisibonelo esiphelele soshintsho lwamakhemikhali, ngisho nalawo okwenzeka ngaphakathi emzimbeni wethu. Ezinye izibonelo yilezi:
- Ukuphefumula. Lena inqubo yebhayoloji eguquliwe ngamakhemikhali lapho kuthathwa khona umoya-mpilo emoyeni bese usetshenziselwe ukusabela nge-glucose esiyithola ekudleni, ukukhiqiza amazinga aphezulu wamandla amakhemikhali (ATP) kanye nenani elikhulu le-carbon dioxide (CO2) engcolile okumele isetshenziswe. kukhishwe.
- Imvula ene-asidi. Kwenzeka ezindaweni ezinomoya ongcolile. Ngokuvamile kuba umphumela wokushintsha kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwamanzi agcinwe emafwini namanye amagesi ahlakazekile emoyeni, okuqukethe i-sulfur oxide noma i-nitrogen oxide yakhe i-sulfuric acid noma i-nitric acid ewela namanzi emvula ukuze kwakhe usawoti. Ukusabela okwenzeka ngaphakathi kwebhethri kuphakathi kwe-asidi nensimbi. Isibonelo, ibhethri esebenzisa umthofu ne-sulfuric acid ikhiqiza i-lead(II) sulfate, usawoti omhlophe. Ukubola kwe-ozone. Amangqamuzana e-ozone ahlukana abe amangqamuzana omoya-mpilo ngaphansi kwesenzo sohlobo oluthile lokukhanya.
Ukushintsha kwamakhemikhali nokushintsha komzimba
Izinguquko zomzimba entweni azishintshi ukwakheka kwayo, okungukuthi, aziguquli ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ento, ngakho-ke izinto azikwazi ukudilizwa noma zakhiwe izinguquko zomzimba. Ukushintsha komzimba kumane kuguqule izici ezibonakalayo zento, njengokuma, ukuminyana, kanye nesimo sokuhlanganisa (okuqinile, uketshezi, igesi). Izinguquko zomzimba, ngakolunye uhlangothi, Ngokuvamile ziyakwazi ukuguqulwa ngoba zishintsha ukuma noma isimo sendaba, kodwa hhayi ukwakheka kwazo.
Ngokwesibonelo, lapho amanzi ebila, singashintsha uketshezi lube igesi, kodwa umhwamuko owumphumela usakhiwa ama- molecule amanzi. Ngokuphambene, uma siqandisa amanzi, aqina, kodwa aseyinto efanayo ngamakhemikhali.
Esinye isibonelo ngu igesi ewuketshezi esiyisebenzisa ezilayithini zikagwayi, ngokuvamile i-butane (C4H10) noma i-propane (C3H8) eshintsha uketshezi lapho kufakwa umfutho omkhulu, kodwa ingashintshi ukwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali.
Ushintsho lwamakhemikhali lushintsha ukuhlelwa nokuhlangana kwama-athomu entweni ukuze ahlangane ngendlela ehlukile, okuholela entweni ehlukile kuneyokuqala. Uma kwenzeka ushintsho lwamakhemikhali, uhlala ugcina unenani elifanayo lezinto oqale ngazo, noma ngabe zisezingeni elihlukile, ngoba udaba alukwazi ukudalwa noma ukubhujiswa, luguqulwa kuphela.
Isibonelo, uma siphendula amanzi (H2O) ne-potassium (K), sizothola izinto ezimbili ezintsha: i-potassium hydroxide (KOH) ne-hydrogen gas (H2). Lokhu ukusabela okuvame ukukhipha amandla amaningi ngakho-ke kuyingozi kakhulu.
Izibonelo zezinguquko zamakhemikhali endabeni
Ukubhaka amakhukhi noma amakhekhe
Izinto ezijwayelekile njengamakhukhi, amakhekhe, amakhekhe, njll. fihla ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okubizwa ngokuthi ukuvutshelwa, lapho inhlama ikhuphuka ngenxa yamagesi akhiqizwa imvubelo. Ekwenzeni isinkwa, imvubelo iguqula isitashi sibe yiglucose.
Ukugaya
Ukugaya ukudla kuyisibonelo esisobala sokushintsha kwamakhemikhali ezinto nge-hydrolysis (ukuwohloka kwento ephilayo ngesenzo samanzi). Ukudla esikudlayo okuyizithelo, imifino, inyama, njll., badlula ohlelweni lokuxuba namajusi wesisu ukuze bamunce kangcono imisoco futhi uziguqule zibe yizinto ezihlukahlukene ngokuvumelana nezidingo zomzimba.
Ngenqubo efanayo, izakhi ezidlulele noma ubuthi bukhishwa emzimbeni ngendlela ehlukile kuneyokuqala; ngesimo sendle, umchamo, umjuluko, njll.
i-pulque
Ukuvutshelwa kuyinqubo ye-catabolic lapho ama-molecule e-glucose ephuka ngenxa yokuntuleka komoya-mpilo. Ezinye zeziphuzo ezidakayo ezitholakala ngenqubo yokuvutshelwa yi-cider, ubhiya, newayini elithambile, lesi sakamuva esingesinye seziphuzo ezingaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni. I-Pulque itholakala esitshalweni se-agave ngenqubo yengcwetil, lapho ukuvuthwa kwento kuyisihluthulelo sokuthola umkhiqizo wokugcina, omhlophe, omuncu kanye ne-viscous, one-flavour ecacile kakhulu engahambisani nanoma yikuphi ulwanga.
Ukuvutshelwa kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kwesinkwa, iyogathi, noshizi, phakathi kokunye.
Caramelo
I-Caramel iyisibonelo esiyisisekelo sokushintsha kwamakhemikhali entweni, njengoba ushukela omhlophe oqinile, ushisiswe imizuzu embalwa, uphenduka i-goo enombala we-amber enephunga elimnandi. Ngamanye amazwi, umkhiqizo ohluke ngokuphelele kowokuqala uyakhiqizwa.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezinguquko zamakhemikhali nezibonelo zazo.