Njengoba sazi, isimo sezulu siyakwazi ukudala izindawo ezinezici ezihlukene lapho ukuphila kuzivumelanisa khona ngokuqhubekayo. Isibonelo, sithola izindawo ezifudumele, ezibandayo nezipholile ezinezitshalo nezilwane ezijwayelene nazo kanye ne-ecosystem ejwayelekile yaleyo ndawo. Lokhu kwaziwa ngegama lika- izindawo ze-bioclimatic. Isimo sezulu endaweni ethile sibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekuguqukeni kwempilo nezindawo.
Ngalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nezindawo ze-bioclimatic nezici zazo.
Umthelela wesimo sezulu ezindaweni ze-bioclimatic
Ukwehlukahlukana kwendawo ezungezile kunqunywa izinto eziningi ezifana nalezi i-topography, amanzi, inhlabathi nezimila. Kulesi sihloko sizohlaziya lolu hlobo lohlobo ngokusekelwe kulokho esikubheka njengokuguquguquka okubaluleke kakhulu: isimo sezulu.
Ucwaningo lwesimo sezulu luveza ukuhlukahluka okukhona kwesifunda okuhlobene nezinga lokushisa, imvula, amahora okukhanya kwelanga, inkungu, isithwathwa, nokuningi. Konke lokhu kungenxa yochungechunge lwezici kanye nezakhi esizozihlaziya ngezansi, kodwa okokuqala kuyadingeka ukuqonda ukuthi sisho ukuthini ngesimo sezulu nesimo sezulu.
Isimo sezulu yisimo somkhathi ngesikhathi nendawo ethile. Isimo sezulu sizolandelana ngezikhathi ezithile zezinhlobo zesimo sezulu. Ukuze siqonde isimo sezulu sesifunda, sidinga okungenani iminyaka engu-30 yolwazi.
izindawo ze-bioclimatic
indawo ye-intertropical
Ihlanganisa zonke izimo zezulu ezitholakala phakathi kwezifunda ezimbili ezishisayo. Izici ezijwayelekile yilezi:
- Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu unyaka wonke (ngaphezu kuka-16ºC).
- Imvula yaminyaka yonke engaphezu kuka-750 mm. Ibangelwa ukunyakaza kwe-convective, i-Tropical Convergence Zone, kanye ne-Eastern Jet Stream.
- Ukukhula ngamandla kwezimila. Nakuba ukusatshalaliswa kwayo kanye nokuvela kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamahlathi kuhlobene nenani lemvula nokusatshalaliswa kwayo konyaka.
inkabazwe enomswakama
Itholakala eGuinea Afrika, eCongo, e-Indochina, e-Indonesia nase-Amazon basin. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lonyaka lizungeze u-22º-26ºC, ne-amplitude encane yokushisa. Imvula yonyaka ingu-1500-2000 mm. Ngonyaka, akukho nkathi eyomile, umswakama ophezulu ohlobene (85%). Imifula inamandla futhi ivamile.
Uhlaza olumele yihlathi: ukwakheka okuminyene, okuvaliwe, okucebile ngohlaza, okungenakungenelwa yimifino kanye nama-orchid. Izihlahla zinde kakhulu futhi imiqhele yazo yakha umbhede oqhubekayo; amagxolo awo abushelelezi futhi izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu ezingezansi zesiqu azinawo amagatsha; amaqabunga abanzi futhi ahlala eluhlaza. Ama-Liana nama-epiphyte (izitshalo ezikhula emagatsheni nasezihlahleni) nawo ajwayelekile.
Umhlabathi awunayo i-humus futhi unoqweqwe lwangemuva ngenxa yokuhlanza ngokweqile (i-leaching) ngamanzi emvula.
Tropical
Kwenzeka emaphethelweni ebhande lenkabazwe kanye namazwekazi asentshonalanga, iCaribbean kanye neMelika Ephakathi.
Amazinga okushisa aphezulu unyaka wonke, kodwa ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kwaminyaka yonke kuyenyuka. Mayelana nemvula, iphakathi kuka-700 no-1500 mm.
Izimila zivumelana nesomiso ngokuqinisa iziqu namaqabunga futhi zinciphise ubukhulu bazo. Ukwakheka kwezitshalo okuyinhloko yi-savannah, ebonakala ngenani elikhulu lamakhambi amade (utshani) nezihlahlana ezincane kanye nezihlahla ezithile ezingavamile. Singahlukanisa ama-subtypes amaningana:
- i-savannah yamapulangwe okwakhiwa izihlahla ezihlukene kanye nezihlahla eziminyene ezakhiwe ngamakhambi. E-Afrika, ama-acacias kanye nama-baobabs ayisicaba ajwayelekile.
- ama-savanna anotshani okusezingeni eliphezulu okuhlotshaniswa nezindawo ezinogwadule eziwugwadule lwezimo zezulu ezishisayo.
- ENingizimu Melika, izimo zezulu ezishisayo zihlotshaniswa nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi izinkambu ezivaliwe.
- E-Australia sithola amasavanna esihlahla esinamaqabunga aqinile njenge-eucalyptus.
Monsoon
Eyaziwa nangokuthi isimo sezulu esishisayo esishisayo; isatshalaliswa eSoutheast Asia (India, Indochina, Indonesia) naseMadagascar. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu unyaka wonke. Ngokuqondene nemvula, kunezinyanga eziyisikhombisa noma eziyisishiyagalombili zenkathi yemvula nenkathi yokomisa. Imvula inamandla futhi ibangelwa yiziphepho. Ebusika, imimoya yezohwebo ivunguza isuka ezweni (inkathi yokungabi namvula), kodwa ehlobo, imimoya yohwebo eshisayo, enomswakama evela engxenyeni eseningizimu yenkabazwe inqamula inkabazwe bese ikhukhuleka eningizimu-ntshonalanga, ilethe imvula enkulu lapho ifika ezwenikazi.
Ihlathi le-monsoon linikeza iphethini elivuleke kakhulu kunangaphambili, ngakho kunentuthuko enkulu yezimila ezingaphansi. Izihlahla zingamamitha angu-12 kuya kwangu-35 ukuphakama, ezimele kakhulu i-teak noqalo. Ama-Liana nama-epiphyte nawo avela.
Izindawo ze-Bioclimatic zezifunda ezomile
Mayelana nendawo yayo, sihlukanisa:
- Indawo ehlala njalo ye-anticyclonic ethinta ugu olusentshonalanga yezwekazi: ugwadule lwase-Australia lwase-Sahara. Izindawo ezishisayo ziyakhiqiza inqwaba yomoya ocwilayo omile njalo ofudumele kakhulu lapho ufika phezulu elangeni elinamandla.
- Enkabeni yezwekazi, njengoba isiphepho sifika sibuthakathaka kakhulu: I-Central Russia kanye ne-American Midwest.
- Kunezithiyo zezintaba ezivimbela ukudlula kweziphepho eziya e-lee: iMongolia, iPatagonia kanye nentshonalanga ye-United States.
- Izingwadule ezisogwini ziwumphumela wemisinga yolwandle ebandayo. Umoya uyaphola lapho uhlangana nalawa misinga yolwandle, kodwa umhwamuko wawo omncane wamanzi usho ukuthi inkungu ikhiqizwa kuphela lapho ifika emazwenikazi. Isibonelo yilesi ogwadule lwase-Atacama eChile.
izifunda ezipholile
IMedithera
Itholakala phakathi kwe-30º-45º enyakatho neningizimu ye-latitude, ikakhulukazi amazwe asemngceleni woLwandle iMedithera, eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Australia, eCalifornia, enkabeni yeChile naseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNingizimu Afrika.
Amazinga okushisa athambile ukusuka ku-21º kanye no-25ºC ehlobo naphakathi kuka-4º no-13ºC ebusika. Imvula iphakathi kuka-400 no-600 mm. Unyaka, ngokuvamile kwenzeka entwasahlobo nasekwindla. Isikhathi esomile siqondana nehlobo.
Uhlaza olumele i-sclerophyllous, enamaqabunga amancane naqinile, amagxolo aminyene namagatsha anamafindo nasontekile. Esifundeni saseMedithera, leli hlathi lakhiwe izihlahla ezifana ne-cork oak, i-holm oak, i-Aleppo pines, izihlahla zikaphayini zamatshe kanye nezihlahla zomnqumo. Kukhona futhi ungqimba olucebile lwezihlahla ze-strawberry, i-oki ye-Kermes, imijunipha nemijunipha.
I-Oceanic
Itholakala enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeYurophu, ogwini olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-United States, ogwini olusempumalanga yeCanada, eningizimu yeChile, eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Australia, eTasmania nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNew Zealand.
Ziyizindawo ezingaphakathi kwebanga lokuphazamiseka okungapheli emikhawulweni yezwe, ngakho azinazo izinkathi zonyaka ezomile. Imvula isukela phakathi kuka-600 no-1.200 mm, okuyiyona enamandla kakhulu ebusika. Amazinga okushisa aphakathi, phakathi kuka-8º kanye no-22ºC, ngenxa yethonya lokuthamba kwezilwandle, nakuba zehlela enyakatho futhi ziqonde maphakathi nezwekazi.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezindawo ze-bioclimatic nezici zazo.