Estonia iyisifunda esifundeni saseBaltic enyakatho yeYurophu. Izungezwe enyakatho yiGulf of Finland, ngasentshonalanga yiBaltic Sea, eningizimu yiLatvia nasempumalanga yiLake Peipsi kanye neRussian Federation. Inesimo sezulu esiyingqayizivele, i-geology kanye nokuhlukahluka, ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukutadisha ngokujulile.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele konke odinga ukukwazi nge-Estonia, izici zayo, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nebhayoloji.
Izici eziyinhloko
I-Estonia ithatha indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angu-45.227 (17.462 square miles) futhi ithintwa isimo sezulu esipholile. Ama-Estonian ayisiFinnish futhi okuwukuphela kolimi olusemthethweni lwesi-Estonian oluhlobene eduze nesiFinnish.
I-Estonia inabantu abayizigidi eziyi-1,34 futhi ingelinye lamazwe angamalungu angenawo kakhulu e-European Union, i-Eurozone kanye ne-NATO. I-GDP yase-Estonia ngomuntu ngamunye iphakeme kakhulu kuwo wonke amazwe ake aba yingxenye yeSoviet Union. I-Estonia ihlukaniswa njengomnotho onenzuzo ephezulu yiBhange Lomhlaba kanye nelungu elihola kakhulu le-OECD. I-United Nations ibala i-Estonia njengezwe elithuthukile eline-Human Development Index ephezulu kakhulu.
Isimo Sezulu sase-Estonia
I-Estonia itholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho ye indawo epholile kanye nendawo yoguquko phakathi kwezimo zezulu zezwekazi nezasolwandle. Ngenxa yokuthi i-Estonia (nayo yonke iNyakatho Yurophu) ihlale ishiswa umoya wasolwandle othintwa ukushisa kweNyakatho ye-Atlantic, inesimo sezulu esipholile naphezu kokuba indawo yayo ezindaweni ezisenyakatho. I-Baltic Sea idala umehluko wesimo sezulu phakathi kwezifunda ezisogwini nezimaphakathi nezwe. I-Estonia inezinkathi ezine ezicishe zilingane ngobude. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lisuka ku-16,3 ° C (61,3 ° F) eziqhingini zoLwandle iBaltic liye ku-18,1 ° C (64,6 ° F) phakathi nezwe, kanti uJulayi kuyinyanga eshisa kakhulu futhi -3,5 ° C (25,7 ° F) eziqhingini zaseBaltic Sea . 7,6 ° C (18,3 ° F) phakathi nezwe, February, inyanga ebanda kakhulu.
Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lonyaka e-Estonia ngu-5.2 ° C. UFebhuwari inyanga ebanda kakhulu onyakeni, enezinga lokushisa eliphakathi kuka -5,7 ° C. UJulayi uthathwa njengenyanga eshisa kakhulu onyakeni, enesilinganiso sokushisa esingu-16,4 ° C.
Isimo sezulu siphinde sithintwa yi-Atlantic Ocean, imisinga yaseNyakatho ye-Atlantic Ocean, kanye ne-Icelandic Minima. I-Iceland iyindawo eyaziwa ngokwakhiwa kwesishingishane, futhi umfutho womoya ophakathi nendawo uphansi kunalowo wezindawo ezingomakhelwane. I-Estonia isendaweni enomswakama futhi imvula ingaphezu kokuhwamuka okuphelele. Isilinganiso semvula kusukela ngo-1961 kuya ku-1990 sasingu-535 kuya ku-727 mm (21,1 kuya ku-28,6 mm) ngonyaka, eziqine kakhulu ehlobo. Inombolo yezinsuku zemvula ngonyaka iphakathi kuka-102 no-127, ngesilinganiso esiphezulu semvula emithambekeni esentshonalanga ye-Saqqara ne-Hanja Highlands. Isembozo seqhwa eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Estonia sijulile futhi ngokuvamile sihlala phakathi no-December kuya ekupheleni kuka-March.
Imboni kanye nemvelo
Naphezu kokuntuleka okuvamile kwezinsiza e-Estonia, lo mhlaba usahlinzeka ngezinsiza ezihlukahlukene zesibili. Izwe linowoyela omkhulu, i-shale, ne-limestone, kanti amahlathi athatha u-50,6% womhlaba. Ngokungeziwe kuwoyela we-shale namafutha omcako, i-Estonia nayo inenani elikhulu lezinqolobane ezingathuthukisiwe noma ezithuthukiswe kabanzi ze-PR, i-asphalt amphibole ne-granite.
Kutholwe amanani amakhulu ama-earth oxides emisileni eqoqwe phakathi neminyaka engama-50 yokuxhashazwa kwe-Sillamäe uranium, shale kanye ne-loparite. Njengoba intengo yomhlaba ongavamile ikhuphukile, ukudonswa kwalawa ma-oxide kuye kwaba namandla ngokwezomnotho. Njengamanje, izwe lithumela ngaphandle amathani angaba ngu-3.000 ngonyaka, okumelela cishe u-2% womkhiqizo womhlaba.
Izimboni zokudla, ezokwakha kanye neze-elekthronikhi zingelinye lamagatsha abaluleke kakhulu embonini yase-Estonia. Ngo-2007, imboni yezokwakha iqashe abasebenzi abangaphezu kuka-80,000, emele cishe u-12% wabasebenzi kazwelonke. Omunye umkhakha wezimboni obalulekile izimboni zemishini nezamakhemikhali, ezitholakala ikakhulukazi esifundeni sase-Ida-Viru eduze naseTallinn.
Imboni yezimayini zikawoyela ne-shale nayo igxile empumalanga nase-Estonia, ikhiqiza cishe u-90% kagesi wezwe. Amafutha e-shale asetshenziswa kakhulu, kodwa futhi adala umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni. Nakuba inani lokungcola elikhishelwa emkhathini liye lehla kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980, i-sulphur dioxide ekhiqizwa ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kwemboni yezimayini eSoviet Union ngeminyaka yawo-1950 isangcolisa umoya.
I-Estonia iyizwe elincike emandleni nasekukhiqizeni kwawo. Izinkampani eziningi zakuleli nezakwamanye amazwe bezitshala imali kugesi ovuselelekayo. Ukubaluleka kwamandla omoya kukhule kancane kancane e-Estonia. Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla omoya sekusondele ku-60 MW. Ngaso leso sikhathi, amaphrojekthi asathuthukiswayo njengamanje anenani elingama-399 MW, kanti amaphrojekthi angaphezu kuka-2.800 MW asakhiwa. Izincomo zenziwa endaweni yasePeipus Lake nasogwini lwaseHiiumaa.
Izinkathi zonyaka e-Estonia
Ubusika base-Estonia bubanda kakhulu: ngisho nasemini, izinga lokushisa lihlala lingaphansi kweqhwa isikhathi eside. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ngoJanuwari noFebhuwari liphakathi kuka -1 ° C ogwini lweziqhingi ezimbili ezinkulu (i-Hiuma neSaaremaa). phansi kuya ku -3,5 ° C ogwini lwaseTallinn nasogwini olusenyakatho kanye -4 ° C ogwini. Ilindile. EGulf of Riga, lehla liye ku-5 ° C phakathi nenyakatho-mpumalanga.
Entwasahlobo, usuku luba lude futhi izinga lokushisa likhuphuka kancane; I-Thaw ngokuvamile ivela ekuqaleni kuka-April, kodwa ngisho naphakathi kwasekupheleni kuka-April nasekuqaleni kukaMeyi, amakhaza neqhwa kungabuya ngokuzumayo. U-April yinyanga eguquguquka kakhulu, ngakho isimo sezulu esibandayo singaqala ukubonakala engxenyeni yesibili yenyanga. Kusukela maphakathi no-May, izinga lokushisa ngokuvamile liyamukeleka.
Ihlobo e-Estonia isikhathi esimnandi, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu lishintsha cishe ngama-20/22 degrees, okusho ukuthi izinga lokushisa aliphezulu, kodwa lilungele ukuhamba kanye nemisebenzi yangaphandle. Ubusuku bupholile, ngezinga lokushisa elincane lika-12/13 degrees (kufika ku-15 ° C ogwini olusentshonalanga).
Ihlobo linemvula impela njengoba lina ngokwesilinganiso ingxenye yesithathu yosuku, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukubona ilanga. Ikwindla yinkathi empunga neyemvula. Uma izinga lokushisa ngoSepthemba lisamukeleka, lizophola ngokushesha kangangokuthi iqhwa lokuqala lingase liwele ngasekupheleni kuka-October. Uma kuqhathaniswa nentwasahlobo, ikwindla imnyama ngenxa yezinsuku ezimfushane, lo mehluko ubonakala yonke indawo, kodwa ubonakala kakhulu emazweni aseNordic.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-Estonia nesimo sezulu sayo.