I-Las izici ezijwayelekile zendaba Yilezo ezibalulekile ngokwazo ezinazo ngaphakathi futhi ziyiqoqo lezimpawu noma izakhiwo ezibonakalayo. Yonke into ekhona emhlabeni futhi singayithinta noma siyibone inezifundazwe ezi-4 eziyinhloko zokuhlanganisa, lezi zifunda ziqinile, ziwuketshezi, zinegesi kanye ne-plasma. Ososayensi baye bafunda futhi bayaqhubeka nokutadisha izici ezijwayelekile zendaba ukuze baqonde kangcono iplanethi futhi bazuze okuningi kuyo.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele mayelana nezakhiwo eziyinhloko zendaba kanye nokubaluleka kwazo zonke.
Izakhiwo ezijwayelekile zendaba
Nakuba ngokuvamile yakhiwa izakhi zamakhemikhali ezihlukene ngezilinganiso ezihlukene, udaba lukhona njengokufana (izakhi zalo azikwazi ukuhlukaniswa ngeso lenyama) noma olungafani (izakhi zalo zibonakala kalula). Futhi kuye ngokwakheka kwayo, izakhiwo zayo ezingokomzimba namakhemikhali nazo zizohluka.
Ngalo mqondo, singakhuluma ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zezakhiwo zento:
- Izibaluli zangaphandle noma ezijwayelekile. Ziyizici ezabiwe yiyo yonke into, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ibunjwe kanjani, ukwakheka kwayo, ukuvezwa noma izakhi. Izakhiwo ezijwayelekile azivumeli into eyodwa ukuthi ihlukaniswe kwenye. Ezinye izici zangaphandle ziyisisindo, umthamo, isisindo, kanye nezinga lokushisa.
- izakhiwo zangaphakathi noma ezithile. Lezi yizo ezikhombisa into ngayinye. Lezi zakhiwo zingaba ezibonakalayo (izakhiwo into enazo ngaphandle kokushintsha izici zayo, njengendawo yokubilisa noma ukuminyana) noma ikhemikhali (izakhiwo ezishintsha ukwakheka kwento, njenge-oxidation).
Izici zezakhiwo ezijwayelekile zento
Ngakho, izakhiwo ezivamile ze-matter yilezi:
Isandiso
Ama-athomu amabili awasoze athatha indawo eyodwa ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngakho-ke izinto zithatha indawo ethile, enesiqalo nesiphetho esibonakalayo. Lesi sakhiwo sibizwa ngokuthi ukunwetshwa: ubukhulu bento, inani lesikhala esikuso. Lesi sikhala noma umthamo umelwe ubude, ububanzi noma ukujula nokuphakama.
Isandiso sikalwa ngamayunithi ebanga, indawo noma ivolumu, kuye ngento yokufunda. Ohlelweni Lwamazwe Ngamazwe, lawa mayunithi imitha (m), imitha yesikwele (m2) kanye ne-cubic meter (m3).
Masa
Ubuningi bezinto inani lezinto eziqoqwe kuzo, okungukuthi, inani lendaba ezakhayo. IMisa inqunywa inertia abakubonisayo noma ukusheshisa okuboniswa amandla asebenza kuwo, futhi kukalwa ngezinhlelo zamazwe ngamazwe kusetshenziswa amayunithi esisindo njengamagremu (g) noma amakhilogremu (kg).
Isisindo akufanele siphanjaniswe nesisindo (usayizi we-vector, ulinganiswa ngama-Newtons) noma inani lezinto (kukalwa ngama-moles).
Isisindo
Isisindo isilinganiso samandla adonsela phansi asebenzayo entweni. Ikalwa ngama-Newtons (N) Ohlelweni Lwamazwe Ngamazwe ngoba ingamandla asetshenziswa iplanethi endabeni, futhi iyivektha yobukhulu enencazelo nesiqondiso. Isisindo sento sincike kuphela kubukhulu bayo kanye namandla omkhakha wamandla adonsela phansi ewutholayo.
I-Elasticity
Lesi sakhiwo sivumela izinto ukuthi zibuyele esimweni sazo sokuqala (inkumbulo yomumo) ngemva kokuba zifakwe amandla angaphandle aziphoqa ukuba zilahlekelwe ukwakheka kwazo (i-elastic deformation). Kuyimpahla ehlukanisa izakhi ezinwebekayo kuzakhi eziphukayo., okungukuthi, lezo ezibuyisa isimo sazo ngemva kokukhipha amandla angaphandle kulawo aphuka abe yizicucu ezincane.
I-Inertia
I-inertia ukumelana kwendaba ukuguqula ukuguquguquka kwezinhlayiya zayo ebusweni bamandla angaphandle. Uma kungekho amandla angaphandle asebenza entweni, into inendawo yokuhlala imile noma igcina ukunyakaza okuhlobene.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-inertia: inertia yemishini, encike ekukhululweni, kanye ne-inertia eshisayo, encike kumthamo wokushisa kanye ne-thermal conductivity.
Ivolumu
Ivolumu iyinani lesikala elibonisa inani lesikhala esinezinhlangothi ezintathu into ehlalayo. Ikalwa ngama-cubic metres (m3) ohlelweni lwamazwe ngamazwe kanye Ibalwa ngokuphindaphinda ubude, ububanzi, nobude bento.
Ubulukhuni
Ukuqina wukumelana okwenziwa into ethile ezinguqukweni zomzimba ezifana ukunwaya, ukuhuzuka noma ukungena. Lokhu kuncike emandleni okubopha izinhlayiya zayo. Ngakho-ke, izinto eziqinile zivame ukungangeneli futhi zingaguquguquki, kuyilapho izinto ezithambile zikhubazeka kalula.
Ubukhulu
Ukuminyana kubhekisela enanini lendaba ekhona endabeni kanye nasebangeni eliphakathi kwezinhlayiya zayo. Ngakho-ke, kuchazwa njengesisindo esihlukaniswe ngevolumu ethathwe isisindo. Izinto eziminyene azingeneki futhi azinambobo kakhulu, kuyilapho izinto ezincane zingadlula kalula ngoba kunezikhala ezivulekile phakathi kwama-molecule azo.
Iyunithi evamile yokulinganisa yokuminyana isisindo sevolumu ngayinye noma ikhilogremu nge-cubic meter ngayinye (kg/m3).
Izici eziqondile ezijwayelekile ze-matter
Yibona abathinta izinto, abawushintshi umthethosisekelo wabo. Okusho ukuthi, indaba iyaqhubeka nokugcina izakhiwo zayo zangempela.
Ukuncibilika
Kuyikhono lento ethile ukuncibilika uma ixutshwe noketshezi ezingeni lokushisa elithile. Isibonelo esilula nesicacile yilapho sifaka futhi sikhipha ushokoledi oyimpuphu engilazini yobisi ukuze sithole isiphuzo esifana nesakho.
Iphuzu elibilayo neliqandayo
Ushintsho phakathi kwe-liquid ne-gaseous states lwenzeka lapho izinga lokushisa lomfutho we-vapor we-liquid ilingana nomfutho womkhathi kuleyo ndawo.
Lapho uketshezi luba yiqhwa ngenxa yokuncipha kwamandla. Izinga lokushisa lapho izingcindezi zomhwamuko woketshezi neziqinile zilingana noma zilingana ngokushintshashintshayo.
conductivity kagesi kanye ezishisayo
Kubizwa ngokuthi amandla aphikisayo wento ukunikeza ugesi indawo. Amakhondukta kagesi angcono kakhulu ayinsimbi ngoba anikeza ukumelana okuncane nokuhamba kwezindleko.
I-Thermal conductivity ifana nephuzu langaphambilini, kodwa ihlobene nokushisa. Kubizwa ngokuthi amandla ento ukumelana nokushisa. Ezinye izinto zishisisa ngokushesha futhi zidlulisele ukushisa kwezinye izinto. Izinto ezihambisa ugesi kahle ngokuvamile nazo zihambisa ukushisa, kodwa singabala nokhuni, iphepha, ukhokho, njll.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezakhiwo ezijwayelekile zento kanye nezici zayo.