I-Aluminium iyingxenye yensimbi emelelwa uphawu "Al" ku-periodic table futhi iyisici sesithathu esivame kakhulu oqweqweni loMhlaba: u-8% woqweqwe lomhlaba uqukethe i-aluminiyamu ezinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene. Baningi izakhiwo ze-aluminium okwenza kube yinsimbi esetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi yiziphi izakhiwo ze-aluminium, ukubaluleka kwayo nokunye okuningi.
Umlando othile
I-Aluminium yaqala ukuhlukaniswa phakathi 1825 yisazi sefiziksi saseDanish u-HC Orsted futhi namuhla, kanye nensimbi, insimbi esetshenziswa kakhulu abantu.. Lesi sakhi sitholakala futhi ekwakhekeni kwamadwala amaningi nezinto eziphilayo. Kodwa-ke, emvelweni ayitholakali esimweni sayo esihlanzekile, kodwa njengengxenye yama-silicates namaminerali amaningi.
Ngenxa yesisindo sayo esilula, i-ductility enhle, impilo ende yesevisi nokumelana nokugqwala, ingenye yezinsimbi eziwusizo kakhulu futhi esetshenziswa kakhulu abantu embonini. Isetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zama-alloys ukwenza inani elikhulu lezitsha nezitsha, kanye nezingxenye zemishini ehlukahlukene.
Izakhiwo ze-aluminium
Lezi ezinye zezakhiwo ze-aluminium ezenza idume futhi isetshenziswe emhlabeni wonke:
- Ukukhanya: I-Aluminium yaziwa ngokukhanya okwedlulele. Ukuminyana kwayo cishe kuyingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kuneyensimbi, okuyenza ibe into efanelekile yokusetshenziswa lapho kudingeka khona amandla aphezulu nesisindo esiphansi, njengendawo yendiza kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezimoto.
- Good conductivity kagesi kanye ezishisayo: I-Aluminium iyi-conductor enhle kakhulu kagesi nokushisa. Lokhu kuyenza ibe yigugu ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukudluliswa okuphumelelayo kwamandla kagesi noma ukuchithwa kokushisa, njengezintambo zikagesi nezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi.
- Ukumelana nokugqwala: I-Aluminium inongqimba lwe-oxide yemvelo ebusweni bayo obuyivikela ekugqwaleni. Lesi sendlalelo esincanyana, esizipholisa ngokwaso sisinika ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu, sisenze sifaneleke ukusetshenziswa endaweni enomswakama noma egqwalayo.
- I-malleability kanye nokulula kokubunjwa: I-Aluminiyamu ithambile futhi ingakhiwa ibe yizimo ezihlukahlukene ngokusebenzisa izinqubo zokugingqika, zokukhipha kanye nezokubumba. Lokhu kuyenza ibe yinto eguquguqukayo yokwenza izingxenye zangokwezifiso nezingxenye.
- Ukusebenziseka kabusha: I-Aluminium igaywa kabusha kakhulu. Ingancibilika futhi igaywe kabusha ngokuphindaphindiwe ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa izici zayo eziyisisekelo, iyenze ibe impahla esimeme futhi evumelana nemvelo.
- Ukubukeka kobuhle: I-Aluminium inesiphetho sesiliva esicwebezelayo, esikhangayo esiyenza idume ezinhlelweni zobuhle, njengokwenziwa kokupakishwa, amafreyimu amafasitela nezinto zokuhlobisa.
- Ukumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphansi: Ngokungafani nezinye izinto eziba brittle emazingeni okushisa aphansi, i-aluminium igcina amandla ayo kanye nokusebenziseka kalula ngisho nasemazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu, iyenze ibe wusizo ezinhlelweni ze-cryogenic.
ukusetshenziswa kwe-aluminium
Inqubo evamile yokuthola i-aluminium ivela ku-bauxite, i-mineral eningi eMhlabeni. Le nqubo idinga amandla amakhulu kagesi, okusho ukuthi kuyinqubo ebiza kakhulu, kodwa umphumela uyimpahla ewusizo enempilo ende (i-corrosion resistant) kanye nezindleko eziphansi kakhulu zokuvuselela kabusha. Konke lokhu kuyasiza ukuba intengo ezinzile futhi iba isici sezomnotho.
I-Aluminium iyisici esimaphakathi nesiguquguqukayo ezimbonini eziningi zabantu, enezinto eziningi ezisetshenziswayo. Kusukela ekwakhiweni kwezingxenye zensimbi kanye nezingxenye zemishini, kokubili ngendlela ehlanzekile kanye nama-alloys (ikakhulukazi lawo afaka isandla ekuqineni kwawo), ekukhiqizeni izibuko, iziqukathi ezihlukahlukene, amashidi e-aluminium, i-tetrahedra, i-telescopes kanye nezingxenye ezishiselwe.
I-Aluminium ibikhona kuwo wonke umlando wesintu ngendlela kasawoti futhi isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha nasekuhlanzeni okomile. Kodwa ayizange ibonakale njengento emsulwa kwaze kwaba ngu-1825, lapho isazi sefiziksi saseDenmark u-HC Orsted ekwazile ukuthola amasampula angcolile nge-electrolysis. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, uFriedrich Wöhler wathola isampula yokuqala emsulwa.
Ekuqaleni yayithathwa njengensimbi eyigugu futhi yaboniswa nama-French Crown Jewels ngo-1855, kodwaUkusetshenziswa kwayo kabanzi kanye nezindleko eziphansi kwayenza yaba insimbi evamile.
Ezinye izakhiwo ze-aluminium: ukusebenza kabusha, ukugaywa kabusha kanye nobuthi
I-Aluminium iyasebenza kakhulu, nakuba imelana nokugqwala ngongqimba lwe-aluminium oxide (Al2O3) eyakhayo nxazonke lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo futhi ivikela enye ingxenye yensimbi ekugqwaleni. Ingahlanjululwa kalula nge-hydrochloric acid (noma i-sodium hydroxide (NaOH) kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zama-acids nezisekelo.
I-Aluminium ingakwazi ukugaywa kabusha ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokushintsha izakhiwo zayo ezibonakalayo, okunikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu zezomnotho ngaphezu kwezinye izinsimbi. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okudingekayo kule nqubo nakho kuncane kakhulu. (u-5% kuphela wenqubo yokuqala yokukhiqiza). Le aluminium ye-recast ibizwa ngokuthi "i-aluminium yesibili."
Njengoba i-aluminium iyinsimbi ethambile futhi ayimelani kakhulu nokudonsa ngomshini, inokusetshenziswa okuningi kodwa ayinconywa njengempahla yesakhiwo. Ngalo mqondo, ngokuvamile ihlanganiswa nezinye izinsimbi ukusiza ukuyiqinisa, njenge-magnesium, i-manganese, ithusi, i-zinc ne-silicon, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ne-titanium ne-chromium.
Ama-alloys e-aluminium akhonjwa ngochungechunge:
- Uchungechunge 1000. Cishe msulwa. Cishe u-99% uyi-aluminium.
- Uchungechunge 2000. Ingxube yethusi.
- Uchungechunge 3000. Ama-alloys aqukethe i-manganese.
- Uchungechunge 4000. Ama-alloys aqukethe i-silicon.
- Uchungechunge 5000. ingxubevange ye-magnesium.
- Uchungechunge 6000. Magnesium kanye ne-silicon alloys.
- Series 7000. Zinc ingxubevange.
- Uchungechunge 8000. Ama-alloys anezinye izakhi zensimbi nezingezona ezensimbi.
Ngokuphambene nalokho osekukholelwa amashumi eminyaka, i-aluminium ayinabungozi kubantu. Inobuthi obuncane ngoba i-aluminium ukudla kudonswa ngamanani amancane ngokusebenzisa amathumbu. Kodwa-ke, ukuhogela uthuli lwe-aluminium noma ukudla okugcwele isici kungabangela ukulimala kwesibindi nezinso, noma izimpawu ze-neurotoxic.
Amazinga aphakeme e-aluminium nawo axhunyaniswa nokuqala kwesifo i-Alzheimer's.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezakhiwo ze-aluminium nezici zayo.