La I-Central Plateau Iyunithi yokusiza endala kunazo zonke eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia, ethatha ingxenye enkulu yendawo yayo, cishe amakhilomitha-skwele angama-400.000. I-apula elikhulu elinobude obungamamitha angu-600. Inesimo sezulu sezwekazi laseMedithera. Uhlelo olumaphakathi lulihlukanisa libe yi-North Asian Plateau kanye ne-South Asian Plateau. Ithafa lehla kancane libheke olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean, ngomthambeka ongu-0,5%, futhi lixhunywe ebhande lezintaba elavela ngesikhathi se-alpine orogeny phakathi kwe-Cenozoic Oligocene kanye ne-Miocene, okuqhakambisa izwekazi layo.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ngazo zonke izici, i-geology, isimo sezulu kanye nokubaluleka kwethafa elimaphakathi.
Origen
Ngesikhathi se-Precambrian, yayiyingxenye ye-Amorica Craton, ehlukaniswe ne-Gondwana kanye nezindawo eziseningizimu kakhulu. Yavela ku-Hesperia block eyavela ku-Paleozoic Hercynian orogeny. I-massif yonakaliswa ukuguguleka kwe-Mesozoic futhi kamuva yashintshwa ku-Cenozoic yi-Alpine orogeny kanye nemiphumela yokuguguleka kwe-Quaternary, sedimentation kanye neqhwa.
Phakathi ne-Tertiary, i-Alpine orogeny yathinta i-Hesperian massif endala, ishintsha imingcele yayo, okwenza kube nokubukeka kwe-Galician-Leonese massif, izintaba ze-Leonese ne-Basque, kanye nokugoqeka kwemikhawulo yazo, njengezintaba zaseCantabrian, eNyakatho. Iberia, Northeast , Sierra Morena Bend Fault, South. Le orogeny yabangela ukuthi ipuleti lase-Afrika lishayisane ne-European plate, licindezele i-Hesperian Massif futhi licekele phansi izisekelo zeSierra de Toledo kanye neSistimu Ephakathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsalela ze-massif zancika ngasentshonalanga futhi kamuva zaba nezinqubo zokubeka ezabe ziningi kakhulu enyakatho ye-sub-plateau kanye ne-mpumalanga sub-plateau eningizimu, nemifula ephuma ohlelweni lwase-Iberia. Inqubo yokubeka indawo inkulu ohlangothini lwayo olusempumalanga, kuyilapho izinto zomzali eziqinile, ezicwebezelayo ze-Hesperia Massif zibonakala kakhulu ohlangothini olusentshonalanga.
Ithafa, elakha ingxenye yeClay Spain, ingxenye esempumalanga yeNorth Asian Plateau, kanye nengxenye yesithathu esempumalanga yeSouth Asian Plateau, iqondana nezindawo eziphakeme zemifula iTagus neGuadiana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iyingxenye yeSpanishi Siliceous, Central System kanye nengxenye enkulu esentshonalanga yeSouth Asia Plateau.
Izici ze-Central Plateau
I-Central Plateau iyithafa elibanzi ngaphakathi kweNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia, ezungezwe izintaba ezilungisa ngokusobala le yunithi yendawo futhi iyihlukanise nayo yonke indawo. Izintaba ezigudla i-Plateau ngendlela yewashi yilezi: Galicia-León, Cantabrian, Basque, Iberian System, Betic System kanye neSierra Morena. Kunezinye izintaba ngaphakathi kwe-Plateau ngokwayo: okubaluleke kakhulu uhlelo oluphakathi, oluhlukanisa i-Plateau ibe izingxenye ezimbili: i-South Asian Plateau kanye ne-North Asian Plateau. I-Montes de Toledo iphinde ihlukanise i-Meseta Sur ibe izingxenye ezimbili: i-Valle del Tajo kanye ne-Valle del Guadiana. Ngaphandle kwalezi zintaba ezimbili, kunezindawo eziphakeme noma amagquma amancane kuphela ngaphakathi kweMeseta, nakuba iningi layo liyithafa elikhulu.
Ithafa lehlela kancane libheke entshonalanga, okusho ukuthi imizila yamanzi edlula kuyo igeleza ikakhulukazi oLwandle i-Atlantic. Imifula emikhulu ewela i-Plateau yilena: i-Duero, i-Tajo ne-Guadiana, kanye nemingenela yayo eminingi. Ohlangothini lweMedithera, kufanele kukhulunywe ngeJúcar neSegura ethafeni eliseNingizimu Asia.
Isimo Sezulu se-Central Plateau
Ukuphakama okungavamile kweMeseta kuyisizathu sokuba khona kwesimo sezulu sonke sezwekazi laseMedithera. Izici ezibaluleke kakhulu kulokhu yilezi: ubusika obunzima, ihlobo elishisayo, isomiso sasehlobo, izimvula eziguquguqukayo, ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa, nesomiso esiphawulekayo. Lezi zici ziwumphumela wokusebenzelana phakathi kwenani lezinto zendawo nezinye izici eziguqukayo, njenge-latitude, indawo yesifunda ngaphakathi kweNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia, idizayini yendawo, kanye nokuphakama.
Ngenxa yamathonya ezwekazi, amazinga okushisa adlulele ngokwedlulele, futhi i-thermal amplitude yonyaka (umehluko phakathi kwezinga lokushisa eliphakathi kwezinyanga ezibanda kakhulu nezifudumele) iphezulu kakhulu, ngokuvamile phakathi kuka-18 no-20 °C. NgoJulayi, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lenyanga ezindaweni eziningi lidlula ku-24°C.
Kodwa-ke, ubusika buyabanda, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ngoJanuwari kwezinye izindawo liphansi kakhulu kune-2 ℃, futhi kukhona isithwathwa esivamile ebusika, ngisho nasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo nasekwindla sekwephuzile. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, ithafa elisenyakatho nesifundazwe saseGuadalajara yizindawo ezibanda kakhulu eziyisicaba eSpain. Amazinga okushisa aphansi asebusika ngokuvamile afinyelela amanani angemahle, afike ku-21 °C. 7
Nakuba imvula ihluka ngokwezifunda, ibanga phakathi kuka-300 no-600 mm phakathi nesikhathi esiningi sonyaka, kaningi entwasahlobo nasekwindla, futhi engavamile kakhulu ehlobo (cishe njalo ngesimo seziphepho). Kuzo zonke lezi zizathu, iningi le-Meseta lingafakwa kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-Dry Spain".
Nciphisa
Imifula ibe yibo ababumbi abakhulu ngoba isika ngokujulile lezi zindawo, ezisuka ezigodini. Amagquma ofakazi (abuye abizwe ngokuthi amafindo, ama-motes noma ama-alcores) anamaphrofayili e-conical noma e-frustoconical avela njengomphumela wezinqubo zokuguguleka ezisebenza kulolu chungechunge lokwakheka okuvundlile futhi, ekugcineni, ngenxa yokungalingani kwe-anatomical, ngenxa yokuwohloka. of sayeka.
Nakuba la magquma ayindilinga ngokuvamile avalwa ama- limestone e-paramo avikela ama-marl aphansi, ngezinye izikhathi ama-calcareous formations aye asuswa ukuze kusele amatshe e-limestone namatshe ambalwa kuphela ezingqimbeni zawo ezingaphezulu. Inqubo yokuchithwa kwe-limestone ikhiqiza izinsalela ezingancibiliki. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa amadiphozi obumba omisiwe (okuhlanganisa amabhulokhi e-limestone namatshe angular), i-terra rossa, eyakha ulwelwesi olujwayelekile lokubunjwa kwe-calcareous.
Empumalanga, ukwakheka kwakhiwe ngobumba obumahhadla, kanti i-conglomerate ne-limestone deposits ayiminyene kakhulu. Ukuguguleka kugxiliswe ngokujulile kulesi sakhiwo, kwakha amapulatifomu e-calcareous noma ama-conglomerate aphumela ezindaweni eziphakeme ezihlukahlukene, kuyimpumuzo yamagquma angawodwa, amapulatifomu esakhiwo, amasondo ezindaweni eziyisicaba, ngamafuphi, kuyindlela ehlukahlukene yokukhululeka. Ukuxhumana kokukhululeka konqenqema lomcengezi nogwadule ukucindezelwa kwamathafa agugulekile aguquguqukayo, akhiwe ngobumba okulula ukuwuhlakaza.
Enyakatho, ubumba lwe-Miocene lumbozwe izingqimba eziqinile ezivela eCordillera Cantábrica. Ingubo yokulala yamatshe, amatshe nesihlabathi ewugqinsi cishe ngamamitha amane ivikela izinto ezibuthakathaka ezingezansi. Imifula yezintaba zaseCantabrian kanye nesistimu emaphakathi igxilile ekujuleni kwe-sediments, yakha izigodi ezibanzi, lapho ukuhlangana kwayo neRanaguet kugqama. Lezi zithombe eziyisicaba neziphakeme (900-1000 m) zibizwa ngokuthi ama-rañas moors futhi zivamile eSierra de Toledo.. Lapho ama-paramo de rañas anyamalala khona, kwakhiwe imidwebo yamagquma, amagquma namagquma, unqenqema lwezigodi lwaluwumqansa, lapho kufika khona, izihosha nezihosha.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-Central Plateau nezici zayo