Omunye umgomo obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwemizamo eyenziwa yi-NASA kanye ne-European Space Agency (ESA) umkhankaso we-STS-31, owenziwa ngo-1990. Lo mkhankaso wathumela ngempumelelo isibonakude i-Hubble ku-orbit yayo, ubuchwepheshe obunamandla obuye waba wusizo olukhulu. ekuqoqeni idatha ebalulekile ngobukhulu besikhala amashumi eminyaka ambalwa. Yena iqoqo lomthala elibonwa nguHubble Ihlobene kakhulu nomphakathi wesayensi.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi liyini iqoqo lomthala elibonwa i-Hubble, izici zalo nokubaluleka kwalo.
Liyini iqoqo lomthala
Into yokuqala ukwazi ukuthi yini iqoqo lomthala ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele lokho uHubble akubonayo. Iqoqo lomthala liyisakhiwo esikhulu se-cosmic esakhiwe iqoqo elikhulu lemithala exhumene ngokudonsa kanzima. Ingabe Amaqoqo amakhulu angama-conglomerates amakhulu kakhulu ezinto endaweni yonke ebonakalayo futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni ukwakheka komkhathi ngezinga elikhulu.
Inani lemithala eseqoqweni lingahluka, kusukela emakhulwini ambalwa kuya ezinkulungwaneni, futhi lemithala ingaba ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Ukukhangana kwamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwawo yikho okugcina la maqembu ehlangene, futhi lamandla anamandla ngokwanele ukuba anqobe ukunwebeka kwendawo yonke kulezi zikali, okuholela emithala ukuba yakhe izimiso ezihlobene.
Ngaphakathi kweqoqo, Izinto ezibonakalayo ezisesimweni sezinkanyezi, igesi nothuli ziyingxenyana nje yokuqukethwe okuphelele. Iningi lenqwaba kumaqoqo omthala lisesimweni sodaba olumnyama, into engaqondakali engakhiphi ukukhanya noma ihlanganyele ngqo nemisebe kazibuthe, kodwa enomthelela omkhulu wamandla adonsela phansi.
Iqoqo le-Galaxy elibonwa ngu-Hubble
Isibonakude i-Hubble sidlale indima ebalulekile ekwandiseni ulwazi lwethu ngendawo yonke, okusivumela ukuba sakhe imephu ye-galaxy ephelele futhi sihlole izindawo ezingaphezu kwemikhawulo yokubona komuntu. Ngezikhathi ezithile, izikhungo zasemkhathini zikhipha izithombe ezikhangayo eziheha ukunaka kwethu, ezibonisa imithala engomakhelwane phakathi kwe-Milky Way kanye nezinto ezihlukahlukene zasemkhathini ezihlala kuyo. Lezi zithombe ezimangalisayo zisebenza njengesikhumbuzo esinamandla sokungabaluleki kwethu uma kuqhathaniswa nomkhathi osizungezile. Ngokuvumelana nalokhu, omunye angase azibuze ukuthi lezi zithombe ezifinyeziwe eziphawulekayo zisengasishiya yini sibambe ongezansi.
Eqinisweni, kuyiqiniso. Kulesi simo, inhloso yethu ukukunikeza ukukhethwa kwezithombe eziheha kakhulu ezithathwe isibonakude se-Hubble ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwangaphambilini. Lezi zithombe zimelela iqoqo lemithala okuthi, uma ibukwa ihlangene, inikeze izinhlobonhlobo zezithombe ezimangalisayo.
Kungenzeka ukuthola lokho okwabonwa i-Hubble Space Telescope ngosuku eyazalwa ngalo. Namuhla sembula isithombe esingajwayelekile esithathwe u-Hubble muva nje: I-Abell 1351, iqoqo lomthala elikhulukazi elitholakala kumlaza i-Ursa Major enyakatho nenkabazwe. Lesi sithombe esihle sithathwe kusetshenziswa i-Wide Field Camera 3, ithuluzi elisezingeni eliphezulu elenyusa amakhono obuchwepheshe bethelesikophu.
Ukubaluleka kweqoqo lomthala elibonwa yi-Hubble
Esikubonayo lapha kuyiqiniso elimangalisayo ku-astrophysics, lapho ukuba khona okukhulu kwento ethile yasezulwini kubangela ukuhlanekezela okuphawulekayo endabeni yesikhathi sendawo, ngenxa yalokho ukuguqula indlela yokukhanya njengoba idlula kuyo. Lokhu kuvezwa okubonakalayo kusebenza njengesandulela sokwakheka komgodi omnyama, okwenza kube yisiteji esibalulekile kule nqubo.
Ngokushicilela lezi zithombe, abasebenzisi banethuba lokubona ucwaningo lokusebenzisana oluqhubekayo olwenziwa yi-NASA kanye ne-ESA kusukela kwethulwa isibonakude i-Hubble. Lobu buchwepheshe obumangalisayo, obusasebenza ngokugcwele, bube nesandla kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kolwazi lwesayensi mayelana nezigigaba ezihlukahlukene ezenzeka emkhathini, njengoba kubikwe i-TechEblog.
Kuyafaneleka ukubalula isibonakude se-Hubble, inketho ethakazelisayo phakathi kwemishini ephakanyiswe ama-ejensi asemkhathini ashiwo ngenhla. Ngobukhulu obungamamitha ayi-13,2 ubude kanye nobubanzi obukhulu obungamamitha angu-4,2, Inokwakheka kwe-cylindrical kanye nesisindo sengqikithi cishe amathani ayi-11. Ukuba khona kwayo ku-orbit kunomthelela obalulekile emphakathini wesayensi.
Izici ze-Hubble Nokuxhashazwa
I-Hubble Space Telescope, eyethulwa i-NASA ngo-1990, ibe ithuluzi lenguquko lokuhlola indawo yonke futhi inikeze ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nemithala nezinye izinto zasemkhathini. Ifakwe ubuchwepheshe obuphambili, i-Hubble ibe negalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni kwethu izici ezibalulekile zemithala.
Esinye sezici ezihlukile ze-Hubble yi ikhono layo lokubuka i-cosmos kuma-wavelengths okungenakufinyeleleka kuwo eMhlabeni ngenxa yokumuncwa komkhathi. Ngokusebenza ku-spectrum ebonakalayo kanye ne-ultraviolet, i-Hubble inikeza umbono ophelele wemithala, eveza imininingwane ebalulekile mayelana nokwakheka kwezinkanyezi nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali.
Ukwengeza, indawo ye-orbital ye-Hubble, ngaphandle komkhathi woMhlaba, iqeda ukuhlanekezela komoya okuthinta izibonakude ezisekelwe phansi. Lokhu kucaca okungakaze kubonwe ekubonweni kuvumela ososayensi ukuthi bafunde imithala ekude ngokulungiswa okumangazayo, ukwembula imininingwane enembayo yesakhiwo nokubunjwa kwayo.
U-Hubble ube ngukhiye ekuphenyeni izigigaba ezifana ne-supernovae, izimbobo ezimnyama kanye nokwanda kwendawo yonke. Ngenxa yokuqaphela kwazo okuningiliziwe, izazi zezinkanyezi ziye zakwazi ukwenza imephu yokusatshalaliswa kwezinto ezimnyama emithalani naseziqoqweni zemithala, zikhanyisela into engaqondakali eyenza ingxenye enkulu yengqikithi yengqikithi yendawo yonke.
Omunye umnikelo obalulekile we-Hubble yikhono layo lokuthwebula izithombe ezijulile zesikhala, njenge-Hubble Ultra Deep Field edumile. Lezi zithombe zembula imithala ekude, eminye yayo eyayikhona eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingamakhulu ambalwa kuphela ngemva kwe-Big Bang, inikeza umbono oyingqayizivele wokuguquguquka kwendawo yonke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Futhi, U-Hubble ube nesandla ekulinganiseni ngokunembile isilinganiso se-Hubble, echaza isivinini sokwanda kwendawo yonke. Lolu lwazi lubalulekile ukuze uqonde isiphetho sokugcina se-cosmos kanye nomthelela ongaba khona wamandla amnyama ekwandeni kwawo okusheshayo.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana neqoqo lomthala elibonwa i-Hubble nezici zalo.