Lapho becabanga ngezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke emhlabeni eziqanjwe umuntu, abantu abaningi bavele bacabange ngamadayimane. Futhi ngokungangabazeki ingenye yezinto eziqinile kakhulu emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, kukhona izinto ezidlula ngisho nedayimane ngokuhlala isikhathi eside namandla.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi iyiphi into enzima kunazo zonke emhlabeni nokuthi yini eyenza into ibe nzima.
Buyini ubulukhuni
Uma sikhuluma ngokuhlanzeka, ubulukhuni bento bunqunywa ukubunjwa kwayo kwe-athomu namangqamuzana. Lokhu kwakheka kungadalwa ngenani elingenamkhawulo lezinhlanganisela ezingaba khona, futhi inhlanganisela ethile yezinto ezibonakalayo ngayinye iyona ekugcineni enquma izici zayo eziyingqayizivele zamakhemikhali nezomzimba.
Ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo se-athomu, ikhabhoni iyinto eyingqayizivele. Ngaphandle kokuba nama-proton ayisithupha kuphela ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus yayo, ikhabhoni iyakwazi ukwenza amabhondi amaningi ayinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwe-geometries yayo yebhondi. Okunye okuphawulekayo yikhono lekhabhoni lokuzihlanganisa nalo, ikakhulukazi ekucindezelweni okuphezulu, lapho kungenziwa khona i-crystal lattice ezinzile. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo ezinhle, ama-athomu ekhabhoni angakha isakhiwo esihlala isikhathi eside esaziwa ngokuthi idayimane.
Selokhu kwavela i-nanotechnology, manje sekuqashelwa ukuthi kunezigaba okungenani eziyisithupha zezinto ezedlula amandla amadayimane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, maningi amathuba okuthi le mali inyuke esikhathini esizayo.
Izinto ezinzima kunazo zonke emhlabeni
I-Wurtzite
I-Wurtzite idume ngokuqina kwayo okuyingqayizivele, ngokuvamile uma iqhathaniswa namandla e-magma eqinile yentaba-mlilo. Ukusebenzisa ama-athomu ngaphandle kwekhabhoni, kungenzeka ukukhiqiza ikristalu ene-boron nitride (BN) njengenye yezingxenye. Lokhu kudala amathuba amaningi njengoba izakhi zesihlanu nezesikhombisa zethebula lezikhathi zihlangana. Inhlanganisela ewumphumela ingaba khona ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa i-amorphous (non-crystalline), i-hexagonal (efana ne-graphite), i-cubic (ethi ukuthambile kunedayimane), kanye ne-wurtzite.
Kuzo zonke izinhlobonhlobo ezingenzeka, ifomu lokugcina liyinqaba futhi elinzima kakhulu ukulikhiqiza. I-Wurtzite ivela kuphela ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo futhi itholwe ngenani elilinganiselwe, ngakho izici zayo zokuqina eziqondile azizange zihlolwe ngezinga elikhulu. Kodwa-ke, i-wurtzite yakha uhlobo oluhlukile lwe-crystal lattice, eyi-tetrahedral kune-cubic egxile ebusweni. Ukulingiswa kwakamuva kukhombisa ukuthi idlula idayimane ngo-18% ngokuqina.
I-Lonsdaleite
I-Lonsdaleite iyiminerali ubulukhuni bayo buyisihloko esithakaselwayo, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wocwaningo lwe-meteorite. Uma sicabanga ngesimo lapho i-meteorite equkethe ikhabhoni, ikakhulukazi i-graphite, yangena emkhathini woMhlaba futhi yahlangana neplanethi yethu, kungaba okunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi lo mzimba ungashisa kakhulu uma unomthelela. Kodwa-ke, iqiniso liwukuthi izingqimba zangaphandle ze-meteorite kuphela ezingaba ngaphansi kokushisisa, kuyilapho ingaphakathi lihlala libandayo isikhathi esiningi sohambo lwaso lokuya eMhlabeni.
Lapho umthelela, amandla angaphakathi asetshenziswayo awanakuqhathaniswa nanoma iyiphi enye into yemvelo endaweni yoMhlaba. Lokhu kucindezela okukhulu kubangela ukuba i-graphite ibe noshintsho, okuholela ekwakhiweni okucwebe kakhulu. Ngokungafani nedayimane, lesi sakhiwo asiyona i-cubic kodwa i-hexagonal, ekhiqiza ubulukhuni obudlula idayimane ngo-58%.
UDyneema
I-Dyneema i-fiber eyaziwa ngokuthi inamandla kunensimbi. Ukuhamba kude nezinto zemvelo, sizodlulela ezintweni zokwenziwa. Uma ukhuluma nge-Dyneema, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-polymer ye-thermoplastic polyethylene enesici esingavamile: isisindo sayo samangqamuzana siphezulu kakhulu. Ama-molecule amaningi ahlanganisa amaketanga ama-athomu anenani lezinkulungwane ezimbalwa zamayunithi e-athomu (ama-proton kanye/noma ama-neutron).
Nokho, i-UHMWPE (i-ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene) iqukethe amaketanga anesisindo samangqamuzana ezigidi zamayunithi e-athomu. Amaketanga amade anjalo aphumela ekusebenzisaneni okuthuthukisiwe kwe-intermolecular, ekugcineni kwakha i-Dyneema, into eqine ngendlela emangalisayo. Eqinisweni, inokumelana okuphezulu komthelela wawo wonke ama-thermoplastics aziwayo. Le nto inamandla kangangokuthi idlula zonke ezinye izintambo zokubopha kanye nokudonsa emakethe. Inamandla okumisa izinhlamvu yize ilula kunamanzi. Eqinisweni, i-Dyneema inamandla izikhathi eziyishumi nanhlanu kunenani elilinganayo lensimbi.
I-amorphous metallic alloy noma ingilazi yensimbi
Izici ezimbili ezibalulekile zazo zonke izinto ezibonakalayo amandla, noma inani lamandla engakwazi ukumelana nawo, nokuqina, noma ikhono layo lokumelana nokuphuka. Sisebenzisa i-ceramics njengesibonelo: inamandla, kodwa ayinzima kakhulu; Bangakwazi ukuphuka ngisho nangomthelela omncane. Kodwa-ke, iqembu lososayensi nabacwaningi bathola ngo-2011 uhlobo olusha lwengilazi ye-microalloy, eyakhiwe ngezinto ezinhlanu: i-phosphorus, i-silicon, i-germanium, isiliva ne-palladium. Le nto emisha ihlala isikhathi eside kunensimbi.
I-Buckypaper
Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-2, kuye kwatholakala ukuthi kunohlobo lwekhabhoni olumelana kakhulu nedayimane: i-carbon nanotubes. Ngokuhlela ama-athomu ekhabhoni ngendlela eyi-hexagonal, kutholwa isakhiwo esiqinile esiyisilinda esizinze ngaphezu kwanoma yisiphi esinye isakhiwo esitholwe umuntu. I-nanotube ngayinye iphakathi kwama-nanometer angu-4 no-10 ububanzi, kodwa ngayinye iqine ngendlela emangalisayo futhi ihlala isikhathi eside. Ama-nanotubes ekhabhoni anesisindo esingu-XNUMX% kuphela wensimbi, kodwa amandla awo amakhulu ngokuphindwe kayikhulu. Ziyakwazi futhi ukumelana nomlilo, zinokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kwe-thermal futhi zinekhono eliphawulekayo lokuvikela i-electromagnetic. Le nto isetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene emikhakheni efana ne-matrical physics, electronics, technology yezempi kanye ne-biology.
Njengoba ubona, kunezinto ezehlisa idayimane njengezinto ezinzima kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nempahla enzima kunazo zonke emhlabeni kanye nezici zayo.