I-Chemistry isayensi ephathelene nocwaningo lokubunjwa, ukwakheka, izakhiwo kanye nokuguqulwa kwezinto. Lesi sifundo senze iminikelo eminingi ebalulekile emikhakheni eyahlukene yokuphila kwansuku zonke nasekuthuthukisweni kwezinye isayensi. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukwazi iminikelo eyinhloko ye-chemistry kubantu nasemphakathini.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela mayelana neminikelo eyinhloko ye-chemistry, izici zayo, imvelaphi nokunye okuningi.
Iminikelo eyinhloko ye-chemistry
Lena eminye yeminikelo eyinhloko ye-chemistry:
- Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezinto: I-Chemistry inikeze amandla ukuthuthukiswa kohlu olubanzi lwezinto eziyisisekelo empilweni yesimanje. Lezi zinto zihlanganisa ama-polymers, izinsimbi, izitsha zobumba, izibuko, nezinto eziyinhlanganisela, phakathi kokunye. Lezi zinto zisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, izimoto, izinto zikagesi, izimila zezokwelapha, phakathi kokunye.
- Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla: I-Chemistry iye yaba neqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwemithombo yamandla ehlukahlukene, njengamandla enuzi, izibaso ezimbiwa phansi, amandla elanga namandla omoya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-chemistry ivumele ukwenziwa kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kanye nezinqubo zokugcina.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwezidakamizwa: I-Chemistry ibe yingxenye ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezidakamizwa. Ukuhlanganiswa nokuhlanzwa kwezinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali, ukucwaninga komsebenzi wawo webhayoloji kanye nokusebenzelana kwawo nomuntu ophilayo ngezinye zezinqubo ezenziwa ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwemithi emisha.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi yamanzi: I-Chemistry ibe yisisekelo ekuthuthukiseni izinga lamanzi. Ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi ukuze asetshenziswe abantu kanye nokususwa kokungcola kuyizinqubo ezincike kumakhemikhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-chemistry ivumele ukuhlonzwa kanye nokulinganisa ukungcola emanzini nakweminye imithombo yezemvelo.
- Ukukhiqizwa kokudla okuthuthukisiwe: I-Chemistry ibe yisisekelo ekuthuthukiseni ukukhiqizwa kokudla. Ukuhlanganiswa komanyolo, ukwakhiwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu okugcina ukudla, nokuhlonza nokususwa kokungcola ekudleni ngezinye zezinqubo ezincike kumakhemikhali.
I-Chemistry ibe nesandla ekuthuthukisweni kwezici eziningi zempilo yesimanje. Iminikelo yabo ivumele ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezintsha, imithombo yamandla, imithi, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinga lamanzi nokukhiqizwa kokudla, phakathi kokunye. I-Chemistry iyisayensi ebalulekile yokuqonda nokwenza ngcono umhlaba esiphila kuwo.
Origen
I-Chemistry inemvelaphi yayo ezikhathini zasendulo, lapho abantu beqala ukuhlola izinto zemvelo futhi bathola izindlela zokuzisebenzisa izidingo zabo. Amarekhodi okuqala okuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali Aqala eMesophothamiya naseGibhithe lasendulo, eminyakeni engaba ngu-4.000 XNUMX edlule.
Izazi ze-alchemists zeNkathi Ephakathi kanye neRenaissance, ezazizinikele ekufuneni itshe lesazi sefilosofi nokuguqulwa kwezinsimbi, nazo zaziyingxenye ebalulekile yomlando wesayensi yamakhemikhali. Nakuba izindlela nemigomo yakhe kwakungezona ezesayensi ngomqondo wanamuhla, ukuhlola kwakhe nokuphawula kwakhe kwabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwesayensi yamakhemikhali.
Phakathi Nenkathi Yokukhanyiselwa, ekhulwini le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, kwaba nentuthuko enkulu ekuqondeni okungokwesayensi ngamakhemikhali. Umsebenzi wososayensi abanjengoRobert Boyle, u-Antoine Lavoisier, uJoseph Priestley, nabanye wabeka isisekelo sokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali esimanje. Ngokwesibonelo, uBoyle yenza ucwaningo ngamagesi futhi yasungula umthetho weBoyle-Mariotte, ngenkathi u-Lavoisier ethola umthetho wokongiwa kwesisindo futhi wasungula i-nomenclature yamakhemikhali yesimanje.
Ngekhulu le-XNUMX, ikhemistri yaba nentuthuko enkulu ngenxa yokuvela kwamasu amasha okucwaninga namathuluzi, njenge-spectroscope nesibonakhulu. Osokhemikhali bakwazi ukuphenya ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana ezinto futhi bathole izakhiwo nobudlelwano phakathi kwazo.
Namuhla, i-chemistry iyisiyalo sesayensi esihluke kakhulu esihlanganisa imikhakha eminingi, kusukela kumakhemikhali wezinto eziphilayo kanye ne-biochemistry kuya kumakhemikhali emvelo kanye namakhemikhali wezinto ezibonakalayo. I-Chemistry iyisayensi eyisisekelo esebenza ezicini eziningi zempilo yesimanje., kusukela ekukhiqizweni kokudla nemithi kuya ekuthuthukisweni kwezinga lamanzi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemithombo emisha yamandla.
Iminikelo eyinhloko ye-chemistry emphakathini kanye nokudla
I-Chemistry iyisayensi eyisisekelo emphakathini futhi idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni nasekuthuthukiseni ukudla. Osokhemisi basebenza ekuhlonzeni nasekuhlanganiseni imisoco ebalulekile, kanye nasekuthuthukisweni kwamasu okucubungula ukudla aqinisekisa ikhwalithi nokuphepha kwawo ukuze kusetshenziswe abantu.
I-chemistry yokudla igxile ekutadisheni kwe izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zezingxenye zokudla, ukusebenzisana kwazo nokuguqulwa ngesikhathi sokucubungula nokupheka, nokuthi lezi zinguquko zilithinta kanjani izinga nokuphepha kokudla. Osokhemisi bokudla basebenza ekuthuthukiseni izithasiselo zokudla, izilondolozi, nama-sweeteners, phakathi kokunye, asetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukunambitheka, ukuthungwa, nokubukeka kokudla.
I-Chemistry nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni ukudla. Umanyolo nezibulala-zinambuzane, ezisetshenziselwa ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo, zingamakhemikhali akhiwa futhi ahlolwe osokhemisi bezolimo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle nokuphepha kwawo. Osokhemisi nabo basebenzela ukuthuthukisa amasu we ukugcinwa kokudla, okufana nesiqandisi nokubanda, ukuze kwandiswe isikhathi seshelufu sokudla nokunciphisa ukumosha ukudla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-chemistry ibalulekile ekuqondeni imiphumela yokungcola ekudleni nasendaweni ezungezile. Osokhemisi basebenzela ukuhlonza nokukala izinto ezingcolisayo, njengezibulala-zinambuzane nezinsimbi ezisindayo, ekudleni nasendaweni ezungezile. I-Chemistry iphinde isetshenziswe ocwaningweni lwe-toxicology yokudla, olufunda imiphumela yokudla kanye nezingxenye zakho empilweni.
Osokhemisi basebenzela ukuhlonza kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezakhi ezibalulekile, ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu okucubungula ukudla, ukukhiqizwa kwezithasiselo zokudla nezibulala-zinambuzane, ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu okugcina ukudla, nokuhlonza nokubalwa kwenani lokungcola ekudleni nasemvelweni. I amakhemikhali okudla kanye nocwaningo lwe-toxicology yokudla yizindawo ezibalulekile zocwaningo kumakhemikhali okudla.
Umthelela wezemvelo
I-Chemistry nayo inomthelela omkhulu emvelweni. Ukukhiqizwa, ukusetshenziswa kanye nokulahlwa kwamakhemikhali kungaba nemiphumela emibi emoyeni, emanzini nasenhlabathini, kanye nempilo yabantu nezilwane zasendle.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali kungabangela ukuphuma kwamagesi abamba ukushisa nezinye izinto ezingcolisa umoya emkhathini, okungaba nomthelela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu nasekungcolisweni komoya. Amakhemikhali nawo angangcolisa amanzi, noma ngokukhishwa okuqondile emanzini noma ngokungena emhlabathini. Lokhu kungcola kungathinta izinga lamanzi kanye nempilo yasemanzini, futhi kwezinye izimo, kungathinta ngisho nempilo yomuntu.
Ukulahlwa kwamakhemikhali nakho kungaba nemiphumela emibi endaweni ezungezile. Amakhemikhali alahlwa ngokungafanele angangena emhlabathini nasemanzini, okungenzeka abangele ukungcola futhi alimaze impilo yabantu nezilwane zasendle. Amakhemikhali nawo angahlala isikhathi eside endaweni ezungezile futhi anqwabelene ochungechungeni lokudla, okungase kuthinte izilwane nabantu abadla lezi zinto eziphilayo.
Nokho, I-Chemistry nayo ingadlala indima enhle ekuvikeleni imvelo. Osokhemisi bangasebenzela ekuthuthukiseni imikhiqizo nobuchwepheshe obuphephile futhi obuzinzile, njengemikhiqizo yokuhlanza engenabo ubuthi nebolayo, ubuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo, kanye nezinhlelo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile. Osokhemisi bangaphinde baphenye ukuthi banganciphisa kanjani ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ayingozi kanye nendlela yokuthuthukisa ukulahlwa kwamakhemikhali nokugaywa kabusha.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana neminikelo eyinhloko ye-chemistry.