El ikhathalogi ye-messier iyinhlanganisela yezinto zasemkhathini, eyadalwa isazi sezinkanyezi saseFrance uCharles Messier ngekhulu le-XNUMX. UCharles Messier, oshisekela isayensi yezinkanyezi, wayefuna ukugwema ukudideka phakathi kwezinkanyezi ezinomsila nezinye izinto ezisatshalaliswa esibhakabhakeni ezingase zidideke nazo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, wanquma ukuhlanganisa uhlu lwezinto zasezulwini ngaphandle kwezinkanyezi ezinomsila, ngenhloso yokusiza izazi zezinkanyezi kanye nezazi zokuzilibazisa ukuze zibone ngokunembe kakhudlwana lezi zinto.
Kulesi sihloko sizochaza ukuthi yiziphi izici nokubaluleka kwekhathalogu ye-Messier nokuthi yiziphi izinto eziyinhloko zasezulwini.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ikhathalogi ye-Messier iqukethe izinto eziyi-110, kusukela kuma-nebulae namaqoqo ezinkanyezi kuya emithala. Ukuze akhethe lezi zinto, uMessier wayethembele ekuboneni kwakhe siqu nasemsebenzini wezinye izazi zezinkanyezi ngaleso sikhathi. Into ngayinye ekukhathalogi inikezwa inombolo yesiRoma ukusuka ku-I kuye ku-C (1 kuya ku-100), nezinye izinto ezengeziwe ezikhethwe ngezinhlamvu A kanye no-B. Ngokwesibonelo, lUmthala odumile we-Andromeda waziwa nge-M31 kukhathalogi ye-Messier.
Ukwakhiwa kwalolu hlu kwayishintsha kakhulu indlela izazi zezinkanyezi ezihlukanisa futhi zibhale ngazo izinto ezisemkhathini. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, izinto eziningi ezisatshalaliswayo zazibhekwa njengama-comets kuze kube yilapho kufakazelwa ngenye indlela. Ikhathalogi ye-Messier ivumele ukuhlelwa okungcono nokuhlukaniswa kwalezi zinto, kanye nocwaningo lwazo olunemininingwane eyengeziwe.
Namuhla, ikhathalogi ye-Messier iseyithuluzi eliyigugu lezazi zezinkanyezi nabathandi bezinkanyezi. Izinto eziningi ezifakwe kukhathalogi zibonakala ngisho nangezibonakude ezingatheni, okuzenza zibe iziqondiso ezithandwayo ezibukelini eziyimfundamakhwela. Ngaphandle kwalokho, le khathalogi iye yasebenza njengesisekelo sokutholwa nokufunda ezinye izinto zasemkhathini ngale kwalezo ezibalwe ekuqaleni.
Umlando Wekhathalogi ye-Messier
Umlando wohlu lwe-Messier uhlobene eduze nezinkanyezi ezinomsila. U-Messier uchithe isikhathi nomzamo ekutholeni lezi zinto. Kodwa ake sizibeke esimweni. Namuhla siyazi ukuthi kunezigidigidi zezinkanyezi ezinomsila ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu zesimiso sonozungezilanga. Nokho, kusukela ngo-1995, cishe ama-comet angu-900 kuphela ayetholakale. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iningi liqulekile kakhulu ukuthi lingabonwa ukude. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi lezi zinkanyezi ezinomsila zisondela eduze nezindawo zangaphakathi zesimiso sonozungezilanga futhi zikhanye ngokwanele ukuba zibonakale.
Kwakungonyaka ka-1744 lapho kwenzeka khona lokhu kunkanyezi enomsila iKlinkenberg-Shesso, eyakhula ngokugqama njengoba isondela eduze neLanga. Phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa, inkanyezi enomsila yafinyelela ku-magnitude -7, okwenza yaba into ekhanya kakhulu esibhakabhakeni. INyanga neLanga Lenkanyezi enomsila ehlaba umxhwele idonse ukunaka kwezazi zezinkanyezi ezingochwepheshe nezimfundamakhwela, kuhlanganise noCharles Messier osemusha.
Lokhu kuthakazelisa kwaholela uMesiya ukuba anikezele ukuphila kwakhe nomsebenzi wakhe kusayensi yezinkanyezi. Eminyakeni ethile kamuva, ngo-1758, uMessier wajuba efuna inkanyezi enomsila futhi wathola into esabalele emlaza iTaurus. Ngemva kokubukisisa kahle, wabona ukuthi le nto yayingeke ibe inkanyezi enomsila ngoba yayinganyakazi esibhakabhakeni. Eyaziwa namuhla ngokuthi i-M1 noma i-Crab Nebula, le nto kwakuyinto yokuqala kukhathalogi ye-Messier yama-nebula namaqoqo ezinkanyezi.
U-Messier useqaphele futhi waqala ukuhlela ezinye izinto ezingase zidukise ezifana nenkanyezi enomsila ukuze avimbele ezinye izazi zezinkanyezi ukuthi zingaphambanisi into nenkanyezi enomsila.
Ikhathalogi ye-Messier njengoba ibonwa ngu-Hubble
Izinto ezimbi kakhulu zivame ukukhanya kakhulu futhi zimangalisa kakhulu. Kodwa zibonwa nge-Hubble Space Telescope, zimangalisa nakakhulu.. I-NASA isanda kuthumela kuwebhusayithi yayo uhlu lwazo zonke izinto zikaMessier ezithwetshulwe nguHubble.
Nakuba uHubble engazange azithwebule zonke lezi zinto, uphumelele ukuthwebula iningi lazo. Siqophe ezingu-96 zalezi zithombe ezinhle kuze kube manje. Ezinye zalezi zithombe azizona izinto eziphelele, kodwa kunalokho zigxile ezindaweni ezithile. Lokho kungenxa yokuthi u-Hubble unomkhakha wokubuka omncane uma kuqhathaniswa. Ngakho-ke, kwezinye izimo, kuyadingeka ukuthatha izithombe eziningi ukuze uthwebule yonke into, engasebenzi kahle ngaso sonke isikhathi. I-NASA yayivunyelwe ukwenza ukuchayeka okuningi kuphela lapho ukufaneleka kwesayensi kuthethelela isikhathi esichithiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, thatha umthala i-Andromeda. Kudingeka izithombe ezingaba ngu-7400 XNUMX ukuze kutholwe i-mosaic yengxenye encane yalo mthala omkhulu.
Ukubaluleka phakathi kwezazi zezinkanyezi eziyimfundamakhwela
Izinto ezingu-110 ezikukhathalogi ye-Messier zithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwezazi zezinkanyezi eziyimfundamakhwela. Akekho umlandeli ongaziniki isikhathi sokuwabuka kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, lezi zinto zihlala zithola ukunakwa okukhethekile ngesikhathi sanoma yimuphi umsebenzi wokubuka.
Kodwa kunobusuku obubodwa ikakhulukazi lapho lezi zinto zithatha indawo emaphakathi. Lena yi- I-Messier Marathon, ebanjwa minyaka yonke ekwethwaseni kwenyanga eduze nentwasahlobo noma i-equinox yasekwindla. Ngalobo busuku, kwenziwa umzamo wokuthola nokubheka zonke izinto eziyi-110. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, lokhu kuyinselele enhle futhi ekhethekile kunoma yimuphi umlandeli wesayensi yezinkanyezi.
Izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zasezulwini kukhathalogi ye-Messier
Ezintweni ezingu-110 ezikule khathalogi, lezi yizi-5 ezaziwa kakhulu:
- I-M31, i-Andromeda Galaxy: Iwumthala osondelene kakhulu ne-Milky Way futhi ibonakala ngeso lenyama ngaphansi kwezimo ezimnyama zesibhakabhaka. Ukuma nobukhulu bayo obuzungezayo buyamangalisa, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi iqukethe izinkanyezi ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane.
- I-M42, i-Orion Nebula: Itholakala kumlaza i-Orion, le nebula ingenye eyaziwa kakhulu futhi ethwetshulwe kakhulu esibhakabhakeni. Kuyisifunda sokwakheka kwenkanyezi esebenzayo, lapho izinkanyezi ezintsha zizalwa zizungezwe amafu egesi nothuli.
- I-M13, i-Hercules Globular Cluster: Leli qoqo le-globular lingelinye elihlaba umxhwele kakhulu ngohlobo lwayo. Yakhiwe amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezinkanyezi ezihlanganiswe ndawonye zibe yindilinga eminyene futhi ehlangene.
- I-M51, i-Whirlpool Galaxy: Lo mthala ozungezayo udume ngesakhiwo sawo esimise okwe-swirl. Ukwengeza, i-M51 yaziwa ngokusebenzisana kwayo kwamandla adonsela phansi nomthala omncane ongumakhelwane, odale izingalo ezimangalisayo.
- I-M45, i-Pleiades: Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Seven Sisters, i-Pleiades iyiqoqo lenkanyezi evulekile evelele ngobuhle bayo esibhakabhakeni sasebusuku. I-Pleiades iyithagethi ethandwayo yakho kokubili ukubuka ngeso lenyama nangezibonakude.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngekhathalogi ye-Messier nokubaluleka kwayo.