Mhlawumbe uke wazibuza ifu linesisindo esingakanani. Njengoba sazi, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamafu kuye ngokuthi izici zawo kanye nezimo ukwakheka. Ngakho-ke, asikwazi ukusho ngokuqondile ukuthi ifu linesisindo esingakanani, kodwa kufanele siqale sibonise uhlobo lwefu esibhekene nalo.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi ifu linesisindo esingakanani ngokohlobo lolwazi elinalo.
Ukwakhiwa kwamafu
Amafu akhiwa ukufiphala komhwamuko osemkhathini. Naphezu kokubukeka kwayo okulula, okubushelelezi, futhi okuvame ukubukeka kahle, kanye nezimo ezihlukahlukene ezimisiwe emoyeni, inqubo yokwakheka kwamafu iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi engaziwa kakhulu indlela ye-physicochemical. Iqiniso liwukuthi cishe wonke amafu akhona, ngaphandle kongqimba lwenkungu phansi, asantanta emoyeni ngenxa yokuthi isisindo sawo singasekelwa ukukhuphuka kwamaza omoya ezisekelweni zawo noma imimoya evundlile.
Izinga lefu lincike ebulilini balo (ukuthuthukiswa okuthe mpo noma okungaphansi kanye nosayizi ojwayelekile) kanye nesakhiwo sangaphakathi (imvula, imvula eqandayo, iqhwa, isichotho). Isisindo samafu singalinganiswa ngokuya ngokuminyana. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, isilinganiso esibaliwe sokuminyana kwamafu e-cumulus aphakathi siyingxenye yegremu nge-cubic meter ngayinye. Okusho ukuthi, i-cubic meter ngayinye yefu ingaba, ngokwesilinganiso, isigamu segremu lamanzi. Ubukhulu bamaqoqo anjalo ngokuvamile amamitha ayi-1000 ubude, amamitha ayi-1000 ububanzi namamitha ayi-1000 ukuphakama. Ngakho-ke, ilinganisa umthamo we-cube ye-cubic metres eyisigidigidi.
ifu linesisindo esingakanani
Uma sihlaziya ukuthi amafu akhiwe izigidi zamaconsi amanzi noma amakristalu eqhwa, umbono wethu ungaqala ukushintsha. Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo ngokunembe ngangokunokwenzeka, ithimba lososayensi be-NOAA lasebenzisa umthetho okahle wegesi ukuze lithole isilinganiso sesisindo samaqoqo amancane, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi amafu esibhakabhaka acwebileabavela kule ndaba.
Phela, leli fu elincane elino-1 km x 1 km kuphela wokuphakama kanye ne-1 km ubude (okungukuthi, i-1 km3 yevolumu) linesisindo esingu-550.000 kg. Kusafana: Amathani we-500. Ukukubeka ngenye indlela, thola isibonelo sangempela nesemvelo, esilingana nesisindo sezindlovu zase-Afrika eziyi-100.
Amanzi emkhathini
Amafu awukubonakaliswa okusobala kakhulu, kukhona amanzi emkhathini, amanzi amaningi. Njengoba nazi, ngisho nasesibhakabhakeni esicwathile, kunamanzi amaningi ngaphezu kwethu, nakuba izinhlayiya ezakhayo zizincane kangangokuthi asikwazi ukuzibona.
Izilinganiso zenani lamanzi emkhathini nganoma isiphi isikhathi zibonisa cishe amakhilomitha-skwele ayi-12.900. Nakuba kungase kube kuningi, lesi samba singamaphesenti angu-0,001 kuphela amanzi esewonke asemhlabeni.
Kodwa lingakanani isisindo sefu? Ngokusebenzisa umthetho okahle wegesi, ukuminyana komoya owomile endaweni yobude obuyi-2 km kungu-1,007 kg/m3, kuyilapho ukuminyana komoya omanzi. ingu-1,007 kg/m3, okungu-0,5 g/m3 njengesisekelo esisichaza kabanzi kudokhumenti. Okusho ukuthi, ifu elincane lesimo sezulu esilungile eliyikhilomitha-skwele elingu-1 linamagremu ayizigidi ezingu-500 zamaconsi amanzi, noma amakhilogremu angu-500.000.
Futhi qaphela ngoba amanye amafu anamanzi amancane kakhulu, kodwa sikhethe elinye lamafu amancane kakhulu esingawabona esibhakabhakeni. Akungabazeki ukuthi isisindo sesibhakabhaka esimbozwe yi-nimbostratus ejwayelekile noma ifu elinamandla le-cumulonimbus. ingafana nesisindo sezindlovu eziningi zase-Afrika eziyi-100.
Kungani amafu entanta?
ezingeni lolwandle, umfutho womoya ucishe ube ngu-1 Kg/cm2. Njengoba umoya unesisindo, kufanele futhi ube nokuminyana. Uma amafu enziwe ngezinhlayiya zamanzi, kungani entanta emoyeni? Iphuzu liwukuthi umthamo womoya ofanayo othathwe amafu unomthamo omkhulu kunalowo otholakala komoya owomile. Okusho ukuthi, ukuminyana kwamafu kuncane kunokuminyana kwesibhakabhaka esicacile endaweni efanayo, ngakho amafu ayantanta.
Kodwa ngalé kwalokho, kukhona ukuthuthukiswa nokwehliswa okugcina lawa maconsi amanzi noma amakristalu eqhwa angawi aze asinde ngokwanele ukuze kube nemvula.
ukuhlolwa kwendlovu
U-Peggy Lemone, umcwaningi omkhulu e-National Center for Atmospheric Research e-Boulder, e-Colorado, ubelokhu efuna ukuphendula umbuzo ayezibuza wona ngokuphindaphindiwe eseyingane: Lingakanani isisindo sefu?
Ukuze uthole lokhu, uLemone waya emsebenzini, waqala ngokukhetha ifu futhi ebala ukuminyana kwalo. Wakhetha ifu elivamile, «uhlobo lwamafu amhlophe aluhlaza esiwabona ngosuku olunelanga, amboze amafu.» Njengomthetho ojwayelekile, ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi ifu elinjalo liqukethe isigamu segrama yamanzi nge-cubic meter ngayinye.
Bese ukala usayizi wefu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, iLemone isebenzisa i-odometer ukuze ilinganise izithunzi zamafu lapho ilanga liphezulu ngokuqondile. Leli fu livamise ukumise okwekhiyubhu, ngakho uma isithunzi salo siyikhilomitha ubude, sibuye sibe yikhilomitha ukuphakama. Lokhu kusinikeza ama-cubic metres ayisigidi samafu.
Ngokuminyana kanye nedatha yevolumu esandleni, singakwazi ukubala ukuthi angakanani amanzi akulelo fu: amagremu ayizigidi ezingu-500 amanzi, noma cishe amathani angu-500. “Kunzima ngabantu ukumela lezi zibalo ngokwengqondo, ngakho-ke sivame ukusebenzisa izilinganiso ezingokomfanekiso, njengezindlovu,” kuchaza iLemone. "Ngakho-ke uma indlovu endala inesisindo esingamathani ayisi-6, singasho ukuthi ifu okukhulunywa ngalo linesisindo sezindlovu ezingu-83."
Amafu anzima kunawo wonke amafu amnyama esiphepho ngoba kusobala ukuthi yiwo athwala amanzi amaningi. Ngakho, ngokusho kweLemone, Lawa mafu anesisindo esingaba "ngezindlovu ezingu-200,000".
Kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi intanta emoyeni? kulula kakhulu. “Akufani nokuthi izindlovu ezingu-200.000 0,2 zingantanta emoyeni. Lokho akunakwenzeka ngokomzimba. Okwenzekayo ukuthi, endabeni yamafu, isisindo sisatshalaliswa phezu kwenani elikhulu lamaconsi amancane namakristalu eqhwa endaweni enkulu kakhulu.” Amaconsi amakhulu awakaze alingane nendlovu, awekho ngaphezu kuka-XNUMXmm ububanzi, futhi mancane ngokwanele ukuthi angantanta endaweni ezungezile. »
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nesisindo sefu.