Ichibi Karachai

Ngeshwa, i- i-karachai lake Akuyona indawo enhle yokuphumula noma ukushiswa yilanga. Ngawo-1990, uma umuntu ehlala phansi ihora, wayengachayeka emisebeni ye-roentgen engu-600, eyayiphephile. Itholakala esifundeni saseChelyabinsk eningizimu ye-Urals, leli chibi laziwa kusukela ngekhulu le-1951. Ivamise ukoma futhi ngezinye izikhathi ize inyamalale ebalazweni. Kusukela ngo-9, iMayak Production Association, okungenye yezikhungo zenuzi ezinkulu kunazo zonke eSoviet Union, iye yalahla imfucumfucu ekhipha imisebe eKarachay, eyaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-V-XNUMX Reservoir.

Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi ngeLake Karachay, yiziphi izici zalo nokuthi kungani liyichibi elingcoliswe kakhulu emhlabeni.

Ichibi elingcoliswe kakhulu emhlabeni

Cishe amakhilomitha-skwele ayi-1,5, ILake Karachay ithola ukukhishwa kwemisebe njalo ngonyaka. Phansi kwaleli chibi kukholakala ukuthi kunodoti okhipha imisebe ezingqimbeni ezijulile zenhlabathi, ezingamamitha angu-3,4 ukujula.

Ngo-1967, umoya onamandla wavunguza endaweni, wasakaza i-caesium-137 kanye ne-strontium-90 (zombili izakhi eziyingozi ezivezwe ilanga phakathi nesomiso sama-1960s). Isimo sezulu sibangele ukuthi izakhi zisabalale cishe kumakhilomitha-skwele ayi-2.700, okubeka impilo yezinkulungwane zabantu engcupheni. Izingxenye zaleli chibi zoma phakathi nesomiso sawo-1960, kuveza izici eziyingozi elangeni.

Kwasetshenziswa amabhlokhi asimende namatshe ahlukahlukene ukuvala iKarachay, ngemva kokuba iziphathimandla kudingeke ukuba zithathe isinyathelo. Lo msebenzi wathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40 futhi waqedwa ngo-November 26, 2015. Leli chibi lanqwabelana izinto eziningi eziyingozi phakathi neminyaka edlule kangangokuthi amanzi akhipha ama- curry angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-120, okungaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kwalokho okwakhishwa emoyeni ngenxa yenhlekelele yenuzi yaseChernobyl.

Emakhulwini noma ngisho nezinkulungwane zeminyaka kusukela manje, leli chibi lisazoba udoti okhipha imisebe. Kuphephe kakhudlwana ukushiya ichibi lodwa kunokuzama ukuyisa imfucumfucu kwenye indawo, ngokusho kwabacwaningi.

Lake Karachay Monitoring

U-Yuri Mokrov, umsizi womqondisi jikelele weMayar Production Company, uthi alikho izwe elinolwazi lokugcina into eyingozi njenge-V-9 endaweni ebekiwe. Ngakho-ke, U-Karachay uzoqashwa umsebenzi wakhe isikhathi eside esizayo.

Kunezindlela eziningi zendabuko zokuhlola izinga lamanzi, okuhlanganisa ukukala imisebe ye-gamma, inani lomoya eduze kwamanzi, nanoma imaphi ama-radionuclide eduze namanzi. Izinkathi zonyaka ezihlukene zenza izingcindezi ezihlukene phansi, futhi izindaba ze-geodetic zicatshangelwa ngokucophelela phakathi nenqubo yokuklama.

izinhlelo zesikhathi esizayo ze leli chibi lihlanganisa ukwengeza izingqimba zenhlabathi nemfucumfucu endaweni, bese kumila utshani nezihlahla endaweni. Izihlahla azivunyelwe ngoba izimpande zazo zingalimaza izigaxa zikasimende ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza ichibi. Inqwaba yezikhali zenuzi kule ndawo ayikwazi ukuthintwa ngisho nayinkanyamba, ngokusho kochwepheshe osekuyiminyaka beqapha le ndawo.

izinyathelo zokudambisa

Izinyathelo zokuqala zokuhlanza ukungcoliswa kwemisebe echibini kungenzeka zathathwa sekwephuze kakhulu, ngokusho kwemithombo ethile. Phakathi kuka-1978 no-1986, kwenezelwa izingqimba zikakhonkolo ezingu-10.000 XNUMX echibini ukuze kunqandwe ukusakazeka kwenhlabathi engcolile. Le mizamo yaphela ngo-2016, kodwa isiza sisabhekwa njengengcole kakhulu. Ezinye izakhiwo kule ndawo zishiywe dengwane ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu emisebe emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. I-National Geographic ibika ukuthi ezinye zezindawo ezingcolile azikwazi ukuhlalwa.

Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1990, ukuchitha ihora ogwini lwechibi kungase kukhiqize umthamo wemisebe wama-roentgens angu-600, kubika i Daily Mail. Lokhu kuphakeme izikhathi ezingu-200.000 kunamazinga avamile emisebe.

Eminye imifula engcolile

Eduze kwesiteshi sikagesi saseMayak, kunechibi elikhulu elibizwa ngokuthi iChibi iKyzyltash. Amanzi aso angcole ngokushesha okukhulu ngoba asetshenziselwa ukupholisa ama-reactors esitshalo. I-Phytoplankton echibini isishintshile izinga lokukhula kwayo futhi ikhule ngokushesha kunokuvamile ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwamanzi enuzi.

Umfula iTecha usuka eduze kwedolobha lase-Ozyorsk futhi ugeleza unqamule eLake Karaganda nakwamanye amachibi amaningana aqukethe izinto ezikhipha imisebe. Amanzi oMfula iTecha ahlangana noMfula i-Iset, obese ugelezela emfuleni iTobol eSiberia, okuwenza ube ngomunye wemifula emikhulu kakhulu eSiberia. Amachibi awekho njengamanzi avaliwe. Angaxhunywa emanzini angaphansi komhlaba kanye nemifula, kuhlanganise nomfula i-Techa ongamakhilomitha angu-240 ubude.

Ngo-1949, umfula i-Kyzyltash (umfula ogelezela kuleli chibi) wawuwumthombo omkhulu wamanzi endaweni, ngenxa yesikhungo esiseduze samandla enuzi esilahla amanzi angcolile emfuleni. Eminyakeni emibili kuphela kamuva, ngo-1951, kwaba nezikhukhula ezinkulu kule ndawo, zabangela ukungcoliswa kwemisebe yenhlabathi eseduze nomfula. Nakuba i-radioactivity kukholakala ukuthi yehla ngebanga, abukho ubufakazi bokuthi ukungcola kuthinta yonke imvelo.

Umfula iTecha ungcoliswe umsakazo iminyaka engaba ngu-50. INational Cancer Institute ihlole abantu abangu-30.000 XNUMX abahlala kule ndawo ukuze babone ukuthi bangaki abantu abanomdlavuza ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwamanzi. Kutholakale ukuthi u-65% wabantu bakulesi sifunda unezinkinga zempilo ezidalwa wukuphuma kwemisebe emanzini. Kuleso sifunda, kwaba nokwanda okungama-21% kweziguli ezinomdlavuza, ukwanda ngo-25% kwezibeletho ezinokukhubazeka, ukwanda kwe-leukemia ngo-41%, nokwanda kwabantu abangenayo inzalo.

Izingozi eLake Karachay

Ngo-1967, phakathi nehlobo elide, iLake Karachay loma kangangokuba imfucumfucu yenuzi eyayisuka phansi echibini yapheshulwa umoya endaweni engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-1.800. ukuchaya abantu abangaba ngu-400.000 emisebeni. Bangu-180.000 XNUMX kuphela kulaba bantu abakhishiwe.

Zonke izingozi ezihlobene nesikhungo samandla enuzi saseMayak zagcinwa ziyimfihlo (noma okungenani zabukelwa phansi, uma kungenjalo ziyimfihlo) yizikhulu zikahulumeni eziphezulu ukuze zingavezi izinhlelo zazo zezikhali zenuzi. Iqiniso elimangalisayo ukuthi i-CIA beyazi ngezingozi kanye nesikhungo samandla enuzi saseMayak, kodwa futhi yasigcina siyimfihlo ngokwesaba ukuthi izobeka olwabo uhlelo lwenuzi engcupheni.

Ngo 1987, Ukukhiqizwa kwe-plutonium ekugcineni kuma lapho iziphehlisi zenuzi ezimbili kwezinhlanu zaseMayak ziyeka ukusebenza. Sebebonke, abantu abangaphezu kuka-500.000 bachayeka emisebeni ngemva kweminyaka yokusebenza kulesi sikhungo, amazinga asondela emazingeni okungcoliswa okubangelwa ingozi yaseChernobyl.

Ukungcola eChibini iKarachay kusaqhubeka nanamuhla, futhi ukuchitha ihora eduze kwechibi kungase kusho ukuchayeka emisebeni ebulalayo.

Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana neLake Karachay nezici zalo.