La i-quantum superposition Kuwumqondo ozwakala kakhulu. Lesi sakhiwo semvelo sisetshenziswa embewu yamakhompiyutha e-quantum, i-quantum teleportation, kanye ne-inthanethi ye-quantum. Kodwa-ke, kunabantu abaningi abangazi kahle nge-quantum superposition futhi kuzwakala isiShayina kubo.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi yini i-quantum superposition, izici zayo nokubaluleka kwayo.
Iyini i-quantum superposition
I-Quantum superposition iyisimiso esiyisisekelo se-quantum mechanics ukuthi izwakalisa ukuba khona ngesikhathi esisodwa kwesimiso somzimba, njenge-electron, kuzo zonke izimo zayo zetiyori ezingenzeka. Uma kubhekwa, "ingagoqa" kuphela ibe okunye kwalokhu kulungiselelwa. Lokhu "kumisa" akwenzeki kodwa kusekelwe emithethweni yamathuba.
Enye indlela yokuqonda i-quantum superposition, okungenani ngendlela eyenziwe lula, ukucabanga ukuthi inhlayiya ingaba ezifundeni ezimbili ezijabulisayo ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa uma ibonwa iveza eyodwa yazo kuphela. Ngakho-ke, i-superposition isetshenziswa kabanzi ku-quantum computing. I-"qubit" noma i-qubit ingathatha kokubili amanani 0 kanye no-1; ngokungafani nokuncane, okuncane kufanele kube ngu-0 noma u-1.
Lesi simo se-quantum superposition siwumphumela wesiphakamiso sethiyori sikaDuke waseFrance uLouis de Broglie, owahlongoza ngo-1924 ukuthi ama-electron awazona izinhlayiya kodwa amagagasi. Okusho ukuthi, ama-electron akuwona "amabhola" endaba nokusebenzisana kwakudala (njengokushayisana phakathi kwamabhola ebhilidi), kodwa amagagasi ahamba emkhathini. Lokhu kuyiqiniso.
I-Quantum superposition yama-electron
Uma sicabanga ama-electron "njengamabhola", isamba sokukodwa kanye nokunye kusinikeza umbono ongamanga wokuthi udaba luziphatha kanjani ngoba sicabanga ukuthi anqwabelene njengamabhola. Ezinye zingenhla, ezinye zingezansi, kanti ezinye zisemaceleni. Kodwa-ke, udaba alusebenzi ngaleyo ndlela ezingeni le-quantum, kuphela ezingeni le-macroscopic. Okwethu lokho.
I-phenomenon ye-quantum superposition kulula ukuyiqonda kusukela lapho umbono obalulekile uziphatha njengamagagasi. Ngokungafani nodaba, amagagasi angakwazi ukunqwabelanisa. Ezingeni le-quantum, i-matter iziphatha njengamagagasi, futhi kukhona okuthakazelisayo okwenzekayo: indaba "ingangeza" komunye nomunye.
Isifaniso esithakazelisayo singabonwa emvelweni. Isithombe esilandelayo sibonisa ama-ripples ashiywe amaconsi amanzi ebusweni bamanzi. Igagasi eliyindilinga elisakazeka endaweni ethile. Noma ubani owake waphonsa itshe echibini uzokwazi lokhu. Empeleni, igagasi ngalinye lizimele.
Kodwa-ke, ukuphakama kwegagasi kwenzeka noma nini lapho amagagasi amabili ehlangana. Okusho ukuthi, engeza noma susa ubukhulu bawo. Lapho lezi zintaba ezimbili zihlangana, amanzi akhuphuka kakhulu. Lapho kunezigodi ezimbili, sibona ukudangala. Uma iziqongo zihambisana nezigodi, isamba samagagasi sizoholela ekukhanselweni.
Amagagasi kanye ne-quantum superposition
Uma ama- electron engamaza ahamba emkhathini, amaza awo angenza izinto ezifana nalezi ezibonakala emanzini. Lo mkhuba uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kodwa nansi indlela yokuwenza ube lula. Kodwa umbuzo okhathaza abaningi uwukuthi: aphi ama-electron?
Ngokwemithetho ye-quantum mechanics, i-quantum superposition ingenzeka kuze kube yilapho izinhlayiya zibonwa. Khona-ke umsebenzi wamagagasi (lowo ochaza amathuba okuthi inhlayiya ibe nesimo esisodwa noma esinye, okuyindlela esimelela ngayo amasistimu ezinhlayiya) uyawa noma uchazwe njengomsebenzi wamagagasi othize kakhudlwana.
Nakuba kungalungile ngokuphelele, isifaniso esilandelayo singasetshenziswa. Ibhaluni le-helium lintanta ekamelweni elimnyama. Okokuqala, akunakwenzeka ukwazi kahle ukuthi ibhaluni likuphi ngoba kukhona ukugeleza komoya okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu okuhambisa ibhaluni ukusuka kolunye uhlangothi kuya kolunye. Kungenzeka ukucacisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ibhaluni lisendaweni eyodwa noma kwenye. Lona umsebenzi wayo wamagagasi.
Wazi kanjani ukuthi ikuphi manje? Indlela yokwenza i-wavefunction "yokuwa"? Ukuhlolwa okungenziwa ukujikijela imicibisholo. Uma umcibisholo uya lapho ingekho khona ibhaluni, asizwa noma yimuphi umsindo. Nokho, uma umcibisholo udlula ebhaluni, sizwa ukuqhuma. Isiphetho sithi: ibhaluni lizonquma indawo yalo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-dart iyalishaya noma cha. Okusho ukuthi, "izowa" ngomqondo wenyama futhi iveze ukuthi ikuphi.
Nakuba kungesona isifaniso esiphelele, isibonelo sebhaluni sisiza ukuqonda ukuthi ama-electron angasakazwa kanjani endaweni ethile yesikhala ngesikhathi esifanayo, nokuthi uma uwabuka ungasho kanjani ukuthi ayini.
Utility namuhla
Uma lesi sakhiwo sithakazelisa kakhulu, kungenxa yokuthi singasetshenziselwa ukwakha amakhompyutha we-quantum. Ngo-2016, ithimba labacwaningi lasebenzisa i-quantum properties, kuhlanganise ne-superposition states, ukunika amandla ukudluliswa kolwazi olude.
Ngo 2017, elinye iqembu lithumele ngempumelelo i-quantum state phakathi kwamanodi amabili axhunyiwe. Ngo-2022, iqembu labacwaningi likwazile ukuthumela nge-teleport isimo se-quantum phakathi kwama-node amabili anqanyuliwe ngenxa yokuthi ama-node ka-Alice, u-Bob kanye no-Charlie axhunywe ngamunye ngamunye. Ngalokhu kuhlolwa, kungenzeka ukwakha i-inthanethi ethembeke kakhulu
Njengamanje, ososayensi bahlola izindlela zokusebenzisa lesi sakhiwo ukuze baxazulule izinkinga ezingaba nzima kakhulu noma okungenakwenzeka ukuzisingatha ngamakhompiyutha asendulo. Kukhompyutha ye-quantum, amabhithi e-classical (0 noma 1) athathelwa indawo ama-qubits, okuthi zingagqagqana, okusho ukuthi zingamela u-0 no-1 ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhu kuvumela ikhompuyutha ye-quantum ukuhlola izixazululo eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, okuholela emandleni amakhulu okuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi ezindaweni ezifana ne-cryptography, ukulingisa izinto, kanye nokwenza kahle.
Olunye uhlelo lokusebenza oluthakazelisayo ukuxhumana okuvikelekile kwe-quantum. Ngenxa yempahla ye-quantum superposition, noma yimuphi umzamo wokuphazamisa ulwazi oludlulisiwe utholwa ngokushesha, okungase kuholele ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana ezingangeneki futhi kuqinisekiswe ubumfihlo bolwazi.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-quantum superposition, izici zayo kanye nokusebenziseka kwayo.