Namuhla sizokhuluma ngegatsha elilodwa le-geology eligxile ekutadisheni amatshe, imvelaphi, ukwakheka nezakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali kanye nokusatshalaliswa koqweqwe lomhlaba. Leli gatsha le-geology libizwa ngokuthi yi-petrology. Igama elithi petrology livela ku-petro osebenzayo kusho ukuthini itshe nakuma-logo ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukutadisha. Kunokwehluka nge-lithology egxile ekwakhiweni kwedwala lendawo enikeziwe. Ku-petrology i- i-petrogenesis. Imayelana nemvelaphi yamatshe.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela zonke izici, imvelaphi kanye nezifundo ze-petrogenesis.
Izici eziyinhloko
I-Petrology ihlukaniswe ngezindawo eziningana ezikhethekile ngokuya ngohlobo lwedwala elizofundwa. Ngakho-ke, kunamagatsha amabili okuhlukaniswa kwezifundo lokho yi-petrology yamadwala ase-sedimentary kanye ne-petrology yamadwala angama-igneous futhi metamorphic. Owokuqala waziwa ngegama le-exogenous petrology kanti owesibili waziwa ngegama le-endo native petrology. Kukhona namanye amagatsha ahluka ngokwenhloso ehlongozwayo yocwaningo lwamatshe. Kukhona nohlobo lwe-petrography lokuchazwa kwamatshe kanye ne-petrogenesis ukuthola ukuthi avela kuphi.
I-Petrogenesis iyisici esibalulekile ngoba ukwakheka nemvelaphi yamatshe. Njengokunye okunye okusetshenzisiwe kwe-petrology okugxile ezintweni zebhayoloji zamatshe. Kumele kucatshangwe ukuthi ukwazi kahle izinto eziphilayo zamatshe kungasetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi ezibaluleke kakhulu, njengokwakhiwa nokukhishwa kwezinsizakusebenza zabantu.
Ngakho-ke, leli gatsha lesayensi libaluleke kakhulu kusukela lapho idwala lakha ukusekelwa okuyisisekelo kwazo zonke izakhiwo zomzimba womuntu. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukwakheka, imvelaphi nokwakheka kwamatshe esibeka kuwo nokwakha izingqalasizinda zethu. Ngaphambi kokwenza noma yiluphi uhlobo lokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, ingqalasizinda, njll. Ukucwaninga kwangaphambilini ngezinhlobo zamatshe akhona ezansi nokwakhiwa kufanele kwenziwe ukuvimbela ukuncipha okungenzeka, izikhukhula, izinhlekelele, ukudilika komhlaba, njll. Amatshe nawo ayizinto ezibalulekile ezingavuthiwe zomsebenzi omkhulu wezimboni zabantu.
Umsuka we-petrology ne-petrogenesis
Intshisekelo emadwaleni ibilokhu ikhona kumuntu. Kuyinto ehlala njalo emvelweni yemvelo eyenze ubuchwepheshe bathuthuka kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi komlando. Amathuluzi okuqala omuntu ayenziwe ngamatshe futhi anikeza iminyaka yonke. Kuyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Stone Age. Iminikelo yokwazi ukusetshenziswa kwamatshe iqhubekele phambili kakhulu eChina, eGreece nakwisiko lama-Arab. Izwe lasentshonalanga liqhakambisa imibhalo ka-Aristotle lapho bekhuluma khona ngokusetshenziswa kwabo.
Kodwa-ke, yize abantu sebevele basebenza nomhlaba kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi komlando, imvelaphi ye-petrology njengesayensi ihlobene kakhulu nemvelaphi ye-geology. I-Geology ingumama wesayensi futhi yahlanganiswa ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili lapho yonke imigomo yayo iqala ukusungulwa. I-Petrology yempikiswano yesayensi eyavela phakathi kwemvelaphi yamatshe. Ngale mpikiswano, kwavela amakamu amabili awaziwa ngokuthi amaNeptunist namaPlutonists.
AmaNeptunist yilabo abaphikisa ngokuthi amadwala avela ku sedimentation of sediment and crystallization of minerals from the ocean yasendulo eyayimboze yonke iplanethi. Ngalesi sizathu, baziwa ngegama lamaNeptunist, bebhekisa kuNkulunkulu wamaRoma wolwandle iNeptune. Ngakolunye uhlangothi sinoPlutonists. Bacabanga ukuthi umsuka wamatshe uqala kusuka kumagma ezingxenyeni ezijulile zeplanethi yethu ezibangelwa amazinga okushisa aphezulu. Igama lamaPlutonists livela kuNkulunkulu wamaRoma uPluto.
Ulwazi lwesimanjemanje kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kusivumela ukuthi siqonde ukuthi zombili lezi zikhundla zingaba nencazelo mayelana nokuyiqiniso. Futhi kungamadwala asezintabeni avela ngezinqubo ezihlobene nama-intuition amaNeptunist ayenawo, kuyilapho amadwala ezintaba-mlilo, ama-plutonic angamadwala kanye namatshe e-metamorphic avela emigudwini ehambisana nezimpikiswano ze-plutonists.
Izifundo zePetrology
Lapho sesazi ukuthi imvelaphi kanye nezikhundla ezahlukahlukene ze-petrology, sizobona ukuthi ziyini izinhloso zocwaningo. Ihlanganisa yonke imvelaphi yamatshe nakho konke okuphathelene nezakhiwo zawo. Kubandakanya umsuka, izinqubo ezikhiqizayo, indawo ku-lithosphere lapho zakhiwa khona kanye neminyaka yazo. Futhi inesibopho sokutadisha izingxenye nezakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zamatshe. Indawo yokugcina engabalulekanga kangako yokutadisha ukusatshalaliswa kanye ne-petrogenesis yamatshe kuqweqwe lomhlaba.
Ngaphakathi kwe-petrology, i-petrogenesis yamadwala angaphandle komhlaba nayo iyafundwa. Bonke bangamadwala avela emkhathini. Eqinisweni, okwamanje kufundwa amatshe aqhamuka emkhathini nasenyangeni.
Izinhlobo ze-petrogenesis
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, kunamagatsha amaningana ale sayensi futhi ahlukaniswa abe yizinqubo ezi-3 ze-petrogenesis eziveza amatshe: amadwala, amadwala angenalutho kanye namatshe we-metamorphic. Ngakho-ke, ngokuya ngendawo yemvelaphi yohlobo ngalunye lwedwala, kunamagatsha amabili e-petrology:
- Okuvamile: uphethe ukutadisha wonke lawo madwala aqhamuka ezingxenyeni ezingajulile zoqweqwe lomhlaba. Okungukuthi, inesibopho sokutadisha amadwala ase-sedimentary. Lezi zinhlobo zamadwala zakhiwa ngokucindezelwa kweziduli ngemuva kokufakwa kwazo nokuthuthwa ngama-geological agents njengemvula nomoya. Lezi zidalwa zifakwa ngaphezu kwezigidi zeminyaka. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, kwenzeka emazingeni aphansi kakhulu njengamachibi nolwandle. Futhi kungukuthi izingqimba ezilandelanayo ziyagaya, zicindezela inhlabathi ngezigidi zeminyaka.
- Okungapheli: Nguye ophethe ukutadisha izinhlobo zamatshe akhiwa ezingxenyeni ezijule kakhulu zoqweqwe nengubo yomhlaba. Lapha sinamadwala amabili e-volcanic and plutonic igneous, amatshe we-metamorphic. Endabeni yamatshe angenalutho, ayaphakama ngenxa yengcindezi yangaphakathi ngokuqhekeka nokupholisa, kwakheke amatshe. Uma befika ebusweni bokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo bangamadwala entaba-mlilo. Uma zenziwa ngaphakathi zingamatshe e-plutonic. Amadwala we-Metamorphic aqhamuka emadwaleni angenalutho noma adonsela phansi abhekene nengcindezi enkulu namazinga okushisa. Bangamadwala ezinhlobo zombili akhiwa ngokujula okukhulu. Zonke lezi zimo zidala ushintsho ekwakhiweni nasekubunjweni kwalo.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi nge-petrogenesis nezinhlobo zayo.