La i-optical refraction Kuyinto eyenzeka lapho ukukhanya kuwa ngokugobile endaweni ehlukene yemidiya emibili, ngakho ukukhanya kushintsha indlela kanye nesivinini. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ku-Optics kanye ne-physics kanye ne-astronomy.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana ne-optical refraction, izici zayo nokubaluleka kwayo.
Iyini i-optical refraction
I-Optical refraction ibhekisela ekudlulisweni kwamagagasi okukhanya ukusuka kwenye into ephathekayo ukuya kwenye ngesikhathi senqubo yokusabalalisa, bese isiqondiso nesivinini sawo sishintsha ngokushesha. Kuyinqubo ehlobene nokuvezwa kokukhanya futhi ingabonakala ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ukukhanya kungahamba ngemidiya ebonakalayo njenge vacuum, amanzi, umoya, amadayimane, ingilazi, i-quartz, i-glycerin, nezinto ezihlukahlukene ezibonisa ngale noma ezikhanyayo. Emkhathini ngamunye, ukukhanya kuhamba ngesivinini esihlukene.
Isibonelo, ukukhanya kuyaphikiswa uma uhamba usuka emoyeni uye emanzini, lapho i-engeli nesivinini sokuhamba kushintsha. Ama-elementi alandelayo abamba iqhaza kunoma iyiphi i-phenomenon ye-refraction yokukhanya:
- isigameko sombani: umsebe ofinyelela phezulu phakathi kwemidiya emibili.
- i-refracted: Umsebe wokukhanya ogobile lapho igagasi lihamba endaweni ethile.
- Normal: Umugqa ocatshangelwayo obheke phezulu, osungulwe kusukela endaweni lapho kuhlangana khona imisebe emibili.
- I-angle yesigameko: I-engeli ephakathi komsebe wesigameko nokujwayelekile.
- i-refraction angle: I-engeli ephakathi kwe-refracted ray kanye nevamile.
I-Optical refraction phenomenon
Uma ukukhanya kuwela endaweni ehlukanisa imidiya emibili, njenge umoya namanzi, ingxenye yesibani sesigameko iyavezwa, kuyilapho enye ingxenye inqanyuliwe futhi idlula endaweni yesibili.
Nakuba isimo sokuphindwaphindwa sisebenza ikakhulukazi kumaza okukhanya, imiqondo isebenza kunoma yiliphi igagasi, okuhlanganisa umsindo namagagasi kagesi.
Imithetho etholwe nguHuygens elawula ukunyakaza kwawo wonke amagagasi iyagcwaliseka:
- Isigameko, imisebe ebonisiwe futhi enqanyuliwe ilele endizeni efanayo.
- I-engeli yesigameko kanye ne-engeli yokubonisa kuyalingana., ukuqonda ngaleyo ndlela ama-engeli akhiwe umsebe wesigameko kanye nomsebe obonisiwe, ngokulandelanayo, ngokuhambisana nendawo yokuhlukanisa edwetshwe endaweni yesigameko.
Ijubane lokukhanya lincike endaweni ehamba ngayo, ye ngakho ukujiya kwempahla, ijubane lokukhanya lihamba kancane futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Ngakho-ke lapho ukukhanya kuhamba kusuka endaweni emincane emincane (umoya) kuya endaweni eminyene kakhulu (ingilazi), imisebe yokukhanya iphindiselwa eduze kokujwayelekile, ngakho i-engeli yokuphinda ibe ngaphansi kwe-engeli yesigameko.
Ngokufanayo, uma umsebe wokukhanya udlula usuka endaweni eminyene uye kokuminyene kancane, izohlehla isuke kokujwayelekile, ukuze i-engeli yesigameko ibe ngaphansi kwe-engeli ye-refraction.
Ukubaluleka
Sesikushilo kakade ukuthi i-optical refraction yinto ebonakalayo eyenzeka lapho ukukhanya kudlula kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye ngokuminyana okuhlukene. Lesi simo sibaluleke kakhulu empilweni yethu yansuku zonke nasemikhakheni eyahlukene yesayensi nobuchwepheshe.
Esinye sezibonelo ezivame kakhulu ze-optical refraction ukwakheka kothingo. Lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kudlula amaconsi amanzi emkhathini, ukukhanya kuyaphindiselwa futhi kuhlakazeke ngamaza ahlukene, ngaleyo ndlela kwakheka inhlobonhlobo yemibala esiyibona kothingo. Lesi senzakalo siphinde sisetshenziswe kuma-lens optics nasekwakheni amathuluzi okubona, njengamalensi ekhamera, ama-microscopes, nezibonakude.
Futhi, i-optical refraction ibalulekile ekulungiseni umbono womuntu. Lapho ukukhanya kungena esweni lethu, kukhishwa i-cornea ne-lens ukuze kwakhe isithombe kuyi-retina. Uma iso lingakufihli kahle ukukhanya, lingabangela izinkinga zokubona njengokungaboni kahle, ukubona kude, ne-astigmatism. Ama-contact lens alungisa lezi zinkinga zokucwebeza futhi avumele ukukhanya ukuthi kumiswe ngendlela efanele esweni.
Embonini, i-optical refraction isetshenziswa ekwenzeni izinto ezisobala kanye nesilinganiso sokugxila kwezixazululo. Kwezokwelapha, i-optical refraction isetshenziselwa ukukala ukuminyana nokuhlehla kwezicubu zezinto eziphilayo, okuvumela ukutholakala kwezifo kusenesikhathi.
Ngaphandle kwe-optical refraction, imaging, ukulungisa ukubona, ukwenziwa kwamalensi nezinye izinsimbi zokubona, ukutholwa kwezifo, nokunye ukuthuthuka okuningi kwesayensi nezobuchwepheshe okuthuthukisa izinga lethu lokuphila bekungeke kwenzeke.
Izibonelo ze-optical refraction
Ezinye izibonelo ezivamile zokuhlehliswa kwe-optical zingatholakala kulezi zenzakalo ezilandelayo:
- Isipuni enkomishini yetiye: Uma sifaka isipuni enkomishini yetiye, siyabona ukuthi sibhidlika kanjani. Kungumphumela wokufihlwa kokukhanya okhiqiza le nkohliso yokubona. Kwenzeka okufanayo lapho sifaka ipensela noma utshani emanzini. Lezi zinkohliso ezigobile zidalwe ngenxa yokunqamuka kokukhanya.
- Uthingo: Uthingo lwenkosazana lubangelwa ukunqamuka kokukhanya njengoba ludlula kumaconsi amancane amanzi alengiswe emkhathini. Njengoba ukukhanya kungena kule ndawo, kuyaphuka futhi kudala imiphumela enemibala.
- ilanga halo: Lesi isenzakalo esinjengothingo esenzeka ezingxenyeni ezithile zomhlaba noma ngaphansi kwezimo zomoya eziqondile kakhulu. Lokhu kudaleka lapho izinhlayiya zeqhwa zinqwabelana ku-troposphere, ziphinde zikhanye futhi zikuhlukanise, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa izindandatho ezinombala ezizungeze imithombo yokukhanya.
- Ukukhanya kuvezwa ngedayimane: Amadayimane aphinde akhanyele ukukhanya, akuhlukanise ngemibala eminingi.
- Izibuko nezingilazi zokukhulisa izingane: Izibuko ezikhulisayo namalensi esiwasebenzisayo asekelwe esimisweni sokukhanyela ukukhanya, ngoba kufanele abambe ukukhanya futhi ahlanekezele isithombe ukuze sihunyushwe ngeso lenyama.
- ilanga olwandle: Singabona ukukhanya kwelanga kushintsha i-engeli nesivinini, futhi kuhlakazeka njengoba kudlula phezu komhlaba futhi kuphumela olwandle.
- Ukukhanya ngengilazi enemibala: Ukukhanya kwe-refraction kwenzeka futhi ngengilazi noma ngekristalu, ehlunga ukukhanya futhi ikusakaze endaweni ezungezile.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuhoxiswa kwe-optical nezici zayo.