El i-danakil desert Ingenye yezindawo ezimbi kakhulu neziyincithakalo emhlabeni. Itholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Ethiopia, esifundeni sase-Afar futhi inamazinga okushisa afinyelela kuma-degree angu-50 futhi acishe abe ngu-zero umswakama. Kuyisihloko sezifundo eziningi zocwaningo lwesayensi ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngeplanethi yethu ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu.
Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ngezici, isimo sezulu kanye nokutholwe mayelana nogwadule lwaseDanakil.
Izici eziyinhloko
I-geology yoGwadule lwaseDanakil ihlukile. Itholakala endaweni yokusebenza kwe-geothermal enamandla, enezintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo nama-fumaroles akhipha amagesi anobuthi nomlotha. Kwezinye izingxenye zasogwadule, kuyabonakala imigodi eshunqayo kanye namachibi ane- sulfuric acid, okudala indawo ecekela phansi ngokuphelele.
Lolugwadule lutholakala kwenye yezindawo eziphansi kakhulu emhlabeni, enokuphakama okuphakathi kwamamitha ayi-100 ngaphansi kwezinga lolwandle. Le ndawo yaziwa ngokuthi iDanakil Depression, futhi iyiphuzu eliphansi kakhulu e-Afrika. Umehluko phakathi kogwadule nokuba khona kwamachibi anosawoti namaxhaphozi kungesinye sezici ezithakazelisa kakhulu zalesi sifunda.
Izilwane nezitshalo kulinganiselwe kakhulu, ngenxa yezimo ezimbi kakhulu zesimo sezulu kanye ne-geology. Nokho, kukhona ezinye izinhlobo eziye zakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nale ndawo enobutha, ezifana ikamela, inyoka yesihlabathi kanye nesibankwa sasogwadule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sifunda siyikhaya lamasiko amadala kakhulu emhlabeni, isizwe sama-Afar, esikwazile ukusinda kule ndawo engathandeki iminyaka eyinkulungwane.
I-Danakil Desert Climate
Njengoba sike sasho ngaphambili, lolu gwadule lungenye yezindawo eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni, lapho izinga lokushisa lasemini liba khona. zingadlula ama-degree angu-50, okuyenza ibe yindawo eshisa kakhulu eMhlabeni.
Isimo sezulu salolugwadule somile kakhulu futhi siwugwadule. Imvula ina kancane kakhulu futhi isikhathi esiningi sonyaka isifunda somile ngokuphelele. Lokhu kungenxa yokuntuleka kwemvula kanye nokuba khona kwemimoya eyomile neshisayo, okwenza umswakama ube phansi kakhulu.
Naphezu kwesimo sezulu esomile kakhulu, uGwadule lwaseDanakil luyikhaya lezinye izindawo ezinhle kakhulu emhlabeni. Lesi sifunda sinezintaba-mlilo eziningi, amachibi ane-asidi kanye nezindawo ezinosawoti eziyingqayizivele emhlabeni.
Uphenyo lwaseDallol Crater
Itholakala endaweni esenyakatho yeGreat Rift Valley eMpumalanga Afrika. Lona uhlobo lwe-"maar" crater ebikhona ngenxa yokuqhuma kwe-magma engaphansi kwamanzi. Kumayelana nokuqhuma okwenzeka ngo-1926 lapho amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ehlangana nodaka olushisayo noma i-magma. I-Dallol crater iqukethe amachibi aluhlaza kanye ne-asidi, ama-iron oxides, isibabule namaflethi kasawoti. Ezinye izindawo kule ndawo eyome kakhulu zingamamitha ayi-100 ngaphansi kwezinga lolwandle futhi empeleni zisebenza njengemigodi ebamba ukushisa.
Indawo ezungezile iyisimo sezulu esiwugwadule, esinesilinganiso sokushisa esimaphakathi sonyaka esingu-41°C. Inyanga efudumele (June) inesilinganiso esiphezulu esingu-46,7°C, nakuba amazinga okushisa edlula ama-34°C nsuku zonke onyakeni. Isikhathi sonyaka siphansi ngenxa yokuba seduze kwayo nenkabazwe kanye noLwandle Olubomvu. Ibonakala ngokushisa okudlulele okungapheli kanye nokupholisa ebusuku okungasebenzi kahle, kuhlanganiswe nezimo ezomile kakhulu.
I-crater ikhipha intuthu enobuthi eyenza indawo ezungezile ezizungezile akuhlali muntu, futhi amagciwane ambalwa kuphela angakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nalezi zimo ezimbi kakhulu.. Ithimba labacwaningi be-Franco-Spanish lithathe amasampuli amaningi aselabhorethri e-Dallol ukuze lihlole amazinga e-microbiological kanye ne-genetic. Isazi sezinto ezincane eziphilayo esahola iqembu, uPurificación López García, waseFrench National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), wachaza ngezikhathi ezahlukene iziphetho zomsebenzi wakhe wesayensi oshicilelwe: «Akukho ukuphila emachibini anosawoti, ashisayo, ane-acid eningi yaseDallol, kanye namachibi aseduze anosawoti anothe nge-magnesium.«. Kodwa-ke, wacacisa, "i-halophilic archaea iyiqembu elihlukahlukene lama-microorganisms akudala" futhi aphila ezindaweni ezinosawoti ezinosawoti ezigxile kakhulu nasezindaweni ezine-asidi kakhulu.
Isizwe sama-Afar ogwadule lwaseDanakil
UDallol uphethe irekhodi lezinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu eliyisilinganiso esiphezulu kunoma iyiphi indawo ehlalwa emhlabeni. Abantu abaningi bayazibuza ukuthi le crater ingahlalwa kanjani. Nokho, umbuzo oqondile ungaba ukuthi bangaki abantu abangasekela lezi zimo.
Eyaziwa ngokubekezelela izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, abantu base-Afar baye bahlala eDanakil Depression okungenani iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili. Ama-Afar angabantu abayimizulane futhi kuze kube ngama-1930 ama-Afar ayaziwa ngonya kanye nokucwaswa kwabokufika.. Abanye bathi indawo ewugwadule yaseDanakil iqondwa kangcono ngezithombe noma amavidiyo.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko waleli dolobha ukumba usawoti, osagawulwa kuma-tile ngesandla futhi uthuthwe ngamakamela. Amakharavani alezi zilwane avame ukubonakala ehamba kancane emigwaqweni yasendulo ebheke eTigray.
Ama-Afar anesakhiwo senhlalo esisekelwe ezinkondlweni nasemindenini eyandisiwe, lapho inzalamizi yomndeni ngamunye inendima ebalulekile ekuthathweni kwezinqumo. Umkhuba wokuthatha isithembu nawo uvamile, lapho amadoda ekwazi ukuba namakhosikazi amaningi, nakuba imishado eminingi iwumfazi oyedwa.
Isiko lama-Afar licebile kakhulu futhi libonakala ngamasiko nemikhuba yalo, eye yadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu zesiko labo ukubaluleka abakunikeza amasiko nemikhosi, njengemishado, imingcwabo nemikhosi yezenkolo. Inkolo yama-Afar i-Islam, nakuba futhi begcina izinkolelo ze-animistic nezinkolelo-ze zokhokho.
Ukuphila ogwadule lwaseDanakil akulula, futhi i-Afar ithuthukise umthamo omkhulu wokumelana nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ukuze uphile endaweni engenamoya enjalo. Nokho, indlela yabo yokuphila namasiko abo kusengozini ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamanzi, ugwadule kanye nengcindezi yezwe lanamuhla.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nogwadule lwaseDanakil nezici zalo.