La i-biogeography Kuyisiyalo sesayensi esisivumela ukuthi siqonde ukusatshalaliswa kokuphila emhlabeni wethu. Empeleni, inhlanganisela yebhayoloji kanye nezwe, lapho kuhlolwa khona ukuxhumana phakathi kwezidalwa eziphilayo nendawo ezikhula kuyo. Abantu abaningi abazi kahle izici kanye nento yocwaningo lwe-biogeography.
Ngalesi sizathu, sinikezela lesi sihloko ukukutshela konke odinga ukukwazi nge-biogeography, izici zayo, izinhloso, nokubaluleka kwayo.
Yini i-biogeography
Uma sibheka eMhlabeni, siqaphela ukuthi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene azisakazwa ngokulinganayo. Kunalokho, singathola ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinto eziphilayo eziqoqwe ezifundeni ezihlukene, ngasinye sinezici ezithile. i-biogeography ifuna ukuqonda amaphethini nezinqubo ezichaza lokhu kuhlukahluka.
Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukene nezindlela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bahlaziya umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, baphenya ukuthi ziye zavela futhi zahlakazeka kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Baphinde bahlole izici ezibonakalayo nezimo zezulu ezithonya ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto eziphilayo, njengezinga lokushisa, imisinga yolwandle, noma ukuphakama. Ngaphandle kwalokho, cabangela izinqubo zemvelo kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane, njengoba lezi zingaphinde zibe nomthelela ekusatshalalisweni kwayo.
Lesi sifundo sinemisebenzi ebalulekile ekongiweni kwemvelo nasekuqondeni imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngenxa ye-biogeography, singakwazi ukuhlonza izindawo ezinokwehlukahlukana okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo ezidinga ukuvikelwa, futhi siqonde ukuthi izinguquko zesimo sezulu zingathinta kanjani ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Izinjongo zomlando nokufunda
Isiyalo sakhula emsebenzini wezazi zemvelo ngekhulu le-XNUMX, ezaqala ukurekhoda ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane nokuqagela mayelana nezici ezingase zichaze la maphethini.
Umkhakha waqala ngempela ekhulwini le-XNUMX, lapho inkolelo-mbono kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokuzikhethela kwemvelo inikeze indlela yokuchaza ukuthi izinhlobo zezilwane zihlakazeka kanjani ezindaweni zazo zokuhlala futhi zithathe izindawo ezintsha.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izazi zokuma komhlaba ziye zaqhubeka zithola izindlela eziningi izitshalo nezilwane ezisakazwa ngazo emhlabeni wonke. Baphinde basungula imibono eminingi ukuchaza la maphethini. Isiqondiso esisodwa esikhulu socwaningo sigxile kuma-plate tectonics, ucwaningo lwesayensi lokuhamba nokusebenzelana kwamapuleti ezwekazi.
I-Biogeography iwucwaningo lwendlela izitshalo nezilwane ezisatshalaliswa ngayo eMhlabeni. Igxile ekusabalaliseni kwamanje kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwazo komlando. Izazi ze-biogeographer zisebenzisa amasu anhlobonhlobo ukufunda amaphethini okusabalalisa, okuhlanganisa umsebenzi wasendle, amaqoqo emnyuziyamu, kanye nokumodela kwekhompyutha.
Ziningi izizathu zokuthi kungani izinto eziphilayo zitholakala ezindaweni ezithile hhayi kwezinye. Isibonelo, izinhlobo ezithile zingaphila kuphela ezindaweni ezithile noma ezindaweni ezithile. Abanye bangase bakhawulelwe ikhono lokuhlakazeka baye ezindaweni ezintsha. Futhi, ukuncintisana kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane kungathinta lapho uhlobo oluthile lutholakala khona.
Ngokuqonda izici ezithinta amaphethini wokusabalalisa, izazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba zingabikezela ukuthi izinguquko zesikhathi esizayo, njengokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, zizothinta kanjani ukusatshalaliswa kwezitshalo nezilwane. Lolu lwazi lubalulekile emizamweni yokongiwa okuhloswe ngayo ukuvikela izilwane ezisengozini.
igatsha le-biogeography
Le sayensi ihlanganisa izici ze-geophysical ezithonya lapho izinto eziphilayo zihlala khona, kanye nezici zomlando eziye zaholela ekusabalaleni kwamanje kokuphila. I-Biogeography inamagatsha amabili amakhulu: i-ecological biogeography kanye ne-biogeography yomlando.
- i-ecological biogeography igxile ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani izinto eziphilayo zitholakala ezindaweni ezithile hhayi kwezinye. Lolu gatsha locwaningo lubheka ukubekezelelana kwezinto eziphilayo ezimweni zezulu ezehlukene, izidingo zazo zezinsiza ezithile, kanye nokusebenzisana kwazo nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane.
- umlando we-biogeography, ngakolunye uhlangothi, icwaninga ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zasakazwa kanjani ezindaweni zazo zamanje. Leli gatsha lihlola izici ezifana ne-plate tectonics, i-continental drift, kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okudlule.
Ukubaluleka kwe-biogeography
Lesi siyalo sibalulekile ekuqondeni ukwehlukahlukana kwempilo eMhlabeni nokuthi lokho kwehlukahlukana kwavela kanjani. izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo bafunda ukusatshalaliswa kwamanje kwezidalwa eziphilayo, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwazo komlando. Lokhu kusivumela ukuthi siqonde amaphethini ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuthi izinguquko ezidlule zemvelo ziwalolonge kanjani lawo maphethini. Ngokuqonda i-biogeography, singakwazi ukuvikela nokuphatha kangcono ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo kweplanethi.
isayensi eyisizayo
Ngokungeziwe kubhayoloji nezwe, i-biogeography isekelwa isayensi eyisisizi ehlukahlukene ecebisa ukuqonda kwethu amaphethini nezinqubo ezihlobene nokusatshalaliswa kokuphila Emhlabeni. Le mikhakha ehambisanayo isisiza ukuthi sihlole izici ezithile futhi sijule emikhakheni ehlobene yolwazi.
Enye yesayensi eyisizayo eyisisekelo ye-biogeography i-paleontology. Lesi sikole sinesibopho sokutadisha izinsalela nezinsalela zezinto eziphilayo ezaziphila ezikhathini ezedlule. I-paleontology isinikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nokuvela kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nokuthi zishintshe kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amarekhodi ezinsalela zifana namafasitela esikhathi esedlule, asivumela ukuthi sakhe kabusha umlando wempilo yasemhlabeni futhi siqonde ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zisakazeke kanjani ezigidini zeminyaka.
Enye isayensi ewusizo ebalulekile i-climatology. Isimo sezulu sidlala indima ebalulekile ekusabalaleni kwezinto eziphilayo, njengoba izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezilwane zikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zezulu ezingaphila kuzo. I-Climatology isisiza ukuthi siqonde izimo zesimo sezulu, ukuhlukahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kanye nendlela okuthonya ngayo ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu esimweni sokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu samanje, njengoba kusivumela ukuthi sibheke ukuthi izindawo ezifanele zezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane zingashintsha kanjani nokuthi lokhu kungase kuthinte kanjani imvelo.
I-ecology enye isayensi ehlobene eduze. I-Ecology ifunda ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo nendawo yazo ezungezile, nokuthi lezi zinqubo zinethonya kanjani ukusatshalaliswa nobuningi bezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngokuqonda izici zemvelo ezinquma ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezahlukene endaweni ethile, singachaza futhi sibikezele ukusatshalaliswa kwazo.
Izakhi zofuzo futhi idlala indima ebalulekile. Izakhi zofuzo zabantu zisisiza ukuthi siqonde izinqubo zokufuduka, ukuhlukaniswa, kanye nokujwayela kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezindaweni ezihlukene. Ukuhlaziywa kwezimpawu zofuzo kusivumela ukuthi sakhe kabusha ubudlelwano bokuziphendukela kwemvelo phakathi kwabantu futhi sinqume ukugeleza kofuzo phakathi kwabo, okubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi izinhlobo zezilwane zihlakazeka kanjani futhi zisatshalaliswa emkhathini.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-biogeography, izinhloso zayo kanye nezici zayo.