Ingxenye esemhlabeni yeplanethi yethu ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezihlukahlukene ukuze kwakhiwe izindawo ezinkudlwana. Lezi zingxenye zibizwa ngokuthi amazwekazi. Nokho, abantu abaningi abazi ayini amazwekazi, yiziphi izici abanazo nokuthi ziyini ukubaluleka kwazo.
Ngalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ukuthi ayini amazwekazi, yiziphi izici zawo, nakho konke okuhlobene ne-geology.
ayini amazwekazi
Uma sikhuluma ngezwekazi, sibhekisela ezingxenyeni ezinkulu zongqimba lomhlaba eziphuma olwandle, ezinkulu ngisho kuneziqhingi ezinkulu kakhulu.
Igama elithi izwekazi livela egameni lesiLatini elithi continental, lisuka ku-continental terra noma "umhlaba oqhubekayo". Kodwa izindlela zokuchaza ukuthi yini noma okungelona izwekazi ingokomlando namasiko, ngakho-ke ishintshile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba nje ishintshile, naphezu kwezinkulungwane zeminyaka zomlando wokwakheka komhlaba. Indawo yamazwekazi kanye nebanga eliphakathi kwawo. Eqinisweni, ezikhathini zangaphambi komlando, wonke amazwekazi akha amazwekazi amaningana abizwa ngokuthi iPangea, iPanodia, njll.
Ngokwendawo, leli zwekazi liyinhlangano yomhlaba wonke enkulu, eneziqhingi eziseduze nogu ezinendawo kuyo.
Amazwekazi akhiwa ngokupholisa koqweqwe futhi akhiwe ikakhulukazi i-granite namadwala ahlobene. ngokungafani ne-oceanic crust, elawulwa yi-basalt ne-gabbros. Njengoba isimo sawo samanje sisikisela, ukubonakala kwawo kokuqala kubonakala kwenzeka ngendlela ehluke kakhulu, njengoba ukukhukhuleka kwezwekazi kuye kwaqhubeka njalo, kwahlukanisa, kwabahlanganisa, futhi kwabahlukanisa phakathi nezinkulungwane zeminyaka, kushintsha isimo sezulu nokubukeka okubonakalayo kweplanethi.
Mangaki amazwekazi akhona?
Ayikho indlela eyodwa yokubhala amazwekazi, njengoba imodeli yezwekazi ngalinye inombono wayo. Ngakho-ke, kukhona amamodeli anjalo khomba amazwekazi angu-4, 5, 6 kanye no-7, elasemuva lidume kakhulu emazweni akhuluma isiNgisi (i-Afrika, i-Antarctica, iNingizimu Melika, i-Asia, iYurophu, iNyakatho Melika kanye ne-Oceania); kanye nesi-6 (ukuhlanganisa i-United States); futhi ezizindeni ezithile zokuma komhlaba, i-5 yamukelwa, ifana kakhulu namapuleti e-tectonic (ahlanganisa iYurophu ne-Asia ezwenikazi elifanayo, i-Eurasia).
Muva nje (2017), ithiyori iphakamise ukuthi bekukhona nezwekazi elibizwa ngeZelandia, ebelingacwiliswa emanzini oLwandlekazi iPacific eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule.
Afrika
"Izwekazi Elimnyama", eliqanjwe ngokuthi "Izwekazi Elimnyama" ngenxa yokuphakama kwezinhlanga zabantu bakhona, yizwekazi lokuqala lesintu, indawo lapho uHomo sapiens aqala khona ukubona umhlaba. Izwekazi lixhumene ne-Asia yi-Isthmus of Suez futhi lihlukaniswe neYurophu yi-Strait of Gibraltar kanye noLwandle iMedithera. Imikhawulo yayo yolwandle yile: i-Atlantic Ocean ngasentshonalanga kanye ne-Indian Ocean empumalanga. Inendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-30.272.922 (20,4% omhlaba osafufusa) futhi iyikhaya ku-15% wabantu bomhlaba, enabantu ababalelwa ezigidini eziyi-1.000, abasabalele emazweni angama-54.
América
Ngokwesiko ihlukaniswe izifunda ezintathu zokuma kwezwe: eNyakatho, eMelika Ephakathi naseNingizimu, eyakhiwe ngamazwe angama-35, leli zwekazi libizwa ngokuthi "iZwe Elisha" ngoba ubukhona balo e-Asia naseYurophu bekwaziwa kwaze kwaba sekhulwini leshumi nanhlanu. Yavela kuma-hominids ase-Asia ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka ngemva kokuhlalwa kwayo. Ngokwendawo, amazwe aseMelika azungezwe yi-glacial Arctic Ocean enyakatho, ahlukaniswe ne-Antarctica yiDrake Passage eningizimu, futhi azungezwe uLwandlekazi i-Atlantic kanye nePacific empumalanga nasentshonalanga, ngokulandelana. Yizwekazi lesibili emhlabeni elinendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-43.316.000. (okulingana no-30,2% wendawo eveziwe) futhi ihlala cishe i-12% yabantu.
Asia
Izwekazi elikhulu nelinabantu abaningi emhlabeni, elinendawo ye cishe amakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingama-45 (ngaphezu kuka-30% wendawo eveziwe) kanye nezakhamuzi eziyizigidi ezingu-4.000 (I-69% yenani labantu bomhlaba) isabalale emazweni angama-49, itholakala engxenyeni esempumalanga yeNyakatho nenkabazwe, izungezwe i-Arctic Ocean enyakatho, i-Indian Ocean eningizimu, noLwandlekazi iPacific ngasempumalanga. Nakuba ngokwendawo iyizwekazi elihlukile, yakha insimu eyodwa neYurophu futhi eyake yakha ngayo izwekazi lase-Eurasia. I-Asia ihlukaniswa ne-Afrika yi-Isthmus of Suez, ehlanganisa inqwaba yeziqhingi phakathi kolwandle lwasePacific nolwaseNdiya.
Europa
Ihlangene ne-Asia endaweni efanayo, kodwa ngokwendawo etholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho-maphakathi neNyakatho Nenkabazwe, iyizwekazi laseYurophu, indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-10.530.751 (6,8% yendawo) kanye nenani labantu abangu-743.704.000 (i-11% kuphela yabantu bomhlaba) Isatshalaliswa emazweni angaphezu kwama-50. IYurophu izungezwe uLwandle iMedithera eningizimu, i-Atlantic Ocean ngasentshonalanga, i-Asia neMpumalanga Ephakathi ngasempumalanga, noLwandle iBaltic kanye ne-Arctic Ocean enyakatho. Naphezu kobukhulu bayo obuncane, iYurophu ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekumiselweni kwesintu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemfundiso yayo ye-imperialism kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX kuya kwele-XNUMX.
Oceania
Leli zwekazi eliyisiqhingi eliseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-southern hemisphere lincane kunawo wonke elingamakhilomitha-skwele ayizi-9,008,458. Kodwa-ke, iyikhaya lezakhamuzi ezingaba ngu-40.117.432 ezisabalele emazweni angaphezu kuka-15 eshalofini lezwekazi (Australia) naseziqhingini ezincane ePacific Ocean (iNew Zealand, iNew Guinea, iMicronesia, iMelanesia nePolynesia). Izungezwe uLwandlekazi i-Indian ngasentshonalanga, iPacific Ocean empumalanga, i-Antarctica eningizimu, neziqhingi zaseNingizimu Asia enyakatho.
I-Antarctica
Izwekazi eliseningizimu kakhulu eMhlabeni licishe libe seSouth Pole futhi linendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-14.000.000, okungamakhilomitha-skwele angama-280.000 kuphela ambozwe yiqhwa ehlobo. Ngakho-ke, kwakuyizwekazi lokugcina ukutholwa kanye nekoloni ngabantu, lalingenabo abantu balo, lavakashelwa ososayensi abambalwa, amasosha kanye nochwepheshe, abantu abangekho ngaphezu kwe-5.000, basakaza izisekelo ezingaphezu kuka-60 emazweni angu-30 ahlukene.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi amazwekazi ayini nokuthi yiziphi izici zawo.