I-El Niño yinto yesimo sezulu lokho kushintsha indlela yokuhamba kwemisinga yolwandle. Iphindwa njalo eminyakeni emithathu noma engu-3, kepha kukholakala ukuthi ngenxa yesivuvujikelele, izobonwa ngokwengeziwe emhlabeni jikelele.
Emashumini ambalwa edlule, cishe ngo-1997, kwakubuhlungu kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, i-NASA ikholelwa ukuthi lo we-2016 kungenzeka ube mkhulu kakhulu futhi ube namandla amakhulu, kuze kufike ezingeni lokuthi bawubize nge- "Godzilla."
Uyini umcimbi we-El Niño futhi uqukethe ini?
Lesi simo ihlobene nokufudumala kwamanzi asePacific, okushisa phakathi kuka-1 kuye ku-3ºC uma kuqhathaniswa nokujwayelekile, njalo eminyakeni emithathu noma engu-3. Le ndlela yokushisa nokupholisa ekhangayo yaziwa njengomjikelezo we-ENSO (noma i-ENSO). Ithinta ngqo iphethini lemvula ezindaweni ezishisayo, kepha ingaba nethonya elikhulu esimweni sezulu kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. Kokubili i-El Niño (ehlobene nokufudumala) neLa Niña (ehlobene nokupholisa amanzi) yizigaba ezeqile zomjikelezo we-ENSO, ngesigaba sesithathu esibizwa ngokuthi yi-Neutral, lapho kubhalwa khona amazinga okushisa ajwayelekile.
Umlando ka-El Niño
Igama lomkhuba u-El Niño (ebhekisa enganeni enguJesu), lanikezwa abadobi basePeruvia umfudlana ofudumele ovela minyaka yonke ngoKhisimusi, ngaleyo ndlela kuvuna ukufika kwezinhlanzi eziningi. Bakubheka njengesipho esivela kuNkulunkulu, ngakho-ke ngokushesha baqala ukukhomba lolu shintsho ekushiseni kolwandle negama lika-El Niño.
Kodwa-ke, ngawo-60 baqala ukubona ukuthi kwakungeyona into yasendaweni ePeru, kepha lokho kuthinta iPacific yonke eshisayo, nangaphesheya kwayo. Kuyaziwa njengamanje ukuthi kungathinta isimo sezulu somhlaba wonke phakathi nesigaba sawo sonke. Umjikelezo wonke we-ENSO uhlala phakathi kweminyaka emi-3 nengu-7, njengoba sishilo. Kule minyaka, kunezigaba ezifudumele ezihlala phakathi kwezinyanga eziyi-8 nezili-10 lilinye (i-El Niño), izigaba ezingathathi hlangothi futhi kungahle kube nesigaba esibandayo (i-La Niña). I-ENSO ingumjikelezo oguquguqukayo kakhulu, kokubili ngamandla nobude besikhathi. Eqinisweni, akukaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ziyini izimbangela zalezi zinguquko.
Izinhlelo zokuthola i-El Niño
I-El Niño itholakala ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, kugqamisa ifayela le- iziphuphutheki, ama-buoy entantayo nokuhlaziywa kolwandle. Abaphenyi ngokuqhubekayo bathola idatha ngezimo ezisebusweni bezilwandle, kanye nasemoyeni endaweni esenkabazwe.
Isithinta kanjani isimo sezulu?
Uma sekuthuthukile, kunezinguquko ezinkulu emazingeni okushisa nasemaphethini emvula ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba. Lezi zinguquko zenzeka ngoba kuthinta amaphethini omoya emkhathini. Endabeni yezindawo ezishisayo, umoya ophakama wakhe amafu emvula endaweni eyodwa kufanele uye kwenye indawo ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi. Emhlabeni wonke, ukuguqulwa emoyeni kungadala nesomiso kwamanye amakhona, noma izimvula ezinkulu kwezinye.
Ukuze wazi futhi uqonde ukuthi kungasithonya kangakanani isimo sezulu somhlaba jikelele, ake sibone iyini imiphumela yayo:
Emhlabeni jikelele
- Amarekhodi Lokushisa
- Ukubukeka izifo okunzima ukuziqeda
- Ukulahleka zezilwane nezinhlobo zezitshalo
- Izinguquko ekusakazeni komkhathi
ENingizimu Melika
- Izikhathi kunomswakama kakhulu, lapho izimvula zinamandla kakhulu.
- Ukushisa kwe-Humboldt yamanje.
- Nciphisa ingcindezi yasemkhathini.
ENingizimu-mpumalanga Asia
- Isomiso importantes.
- Ukushisa kwe-Ocean phansi.
- Kunomkhawulo ukwakheka kwamafu.
Noma kunjalo, khumbula ukuthi abekho o-El Niño ababili abafanayo, nokuthi izinguquko zonyaka kanye nezimo zezulu ezahlukahlukene zingahluka kuye ngamacala. Ngakho-ke, lapho ikhula, akunakuqinisekiswa ukuthi izindawo ezithintekile zizofana nesikhathi sokugcina, kepha ukuthi kuzoba namathuba aphezulu kuphela, kepha ngeke kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zizophinda zifane.
Ingane »Godzilla»
Njengoba iplanethi ifudumala, kuthanda ukuvela kweziphepho ezinamandla ngokwengeziwes. Amazinga okushisa afudumele anomthelela oqondile ku-El Niño, ngakho-ke ngokungangabazeki kukhona amanye kakhulu fidgety. ENyakatho Nenkabazwe ngonyaka wezi-2016, amazinga okushisa ayephakeme kakhulu kunokujwayelekile: eNyakatho Pole babeno-2ºC lapho okujwayelekile kungu -26ºC. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eSeningizimu Nenkabazwe futhi ikakhulukazi eSonora (eMexico) iqhwa lawa okokuqala eminyakeni engama-33. ELatin America, izimvula ezinengi ngekota yokuqala yonyaka zazingabaphikisi baleyo ngxenye yomhlaba.
Ngaphezu kwama-thermometer, ochwepheshe nabo babheka ukuphakama koLwandlekazi iPacific. Njengoba ukwazi ukubona esithombeni, isimo esiku-97 sicishe sifane naleso ebesinaso ekupheleni kuka-2015.
Ngokusho kweNASA, i-El Niño 2016 ayikhombisi zimpawu zokufuna ukuhlakazeka. Imvamisa, imiphumela yayo izwakala eNyakatho Nenkabazwe kuyo yonke intwasahlobo, kepha ziyancipha ngokuhamba kwezinyanga. Kepha kulokhu kungenzeka kwehluke.
Imiphumela izobonakala ikakhulukazi eNingizimu Melika, kodwa "noma ngabe uhlala kuphi, uzoyizwa imiphumela yale nto," kusho iNASA.
Ebhekene nalesi simo, kuncane okungenziwa. Into engcono kakhulu ongayenza ukuzama ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi unake izexwayiso zesimo sezulu ukugwema izinkinga.