Amagama amaningi asetshenziselwa ukubhekisela kuwo amafu pyroclastic: amafu omlilo, ukugeleza kwe-pyroclastic, ukuminyana kwe-pyroclastic, njll. Wonke la magama abhekisela entweni efanayo, ebhekisela enanini elikhulu legesi kanye nezinhlayiya eziphuma ku-crater futhi zihambe ngesivinini esikhulu. Kodwa-ke, amafu e-pyroclastic awayona ingxenye eyaziwa kakhulu yezintaba-mlilo, futhi empeleni ukuba khona kwawo kungaba nemiphumela eminingi engathandeki.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi yiziphi amafu e-pyroclastic, yiziphi izici nemiphumela yazo.
Ayini amafu e-pyroclastic
Kuyingxube ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, eyakhiwe yigesi nezinhlayiya eziqinile emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Specific, izinga lokushisa lamafu e-pyroclastic liphakathi kuka-300 no-800°C. Uma ifu eliyi-pyroclastic liphuma kuntaba-mlilo eqhumayo futhi lifinyelela ebusweni boMhlaba, lihamba emhlabeni ngesivinini esisukela kushumi kuya kumakhulu amamitha ngomzuzwana.
Njengoba sishilo esigabeni esandulele, amafu e-pyroclastic akhiwe yizinhlayiya eziqinile. Lezi zinhlayiya eziqinile zibizwa ngokuthi ama-pyroclasts noma umlotha futhi azilutho ngaphandle kwezingcezu ze-magma eqinile exoshwa izintaba-mlilo. Ngokuya ngosayizi wezingcezu, i-pyroclastics ingahlukaniswa:
- Umlotha: Izinhlayiya ezingaphansi kuka-2 mm ububanzi.
- I-Lapilli: Izinhlayiya ezinobubanzi obusuka ku-2 kuye ku-64 mm.
- Amabhomu noma Amabhulokhi: Izingcezu ezinkulu kuno-64 mm ububanzi.
Ngokwengxenye yayo, ubukhulu bezinhlayiya bunquma isivinini kanye nobukhulu bokugeleza kwe-pyroclastic. Lawo ahlanganisa amabhulokhi anokunyakaza okuncane futhi ngokuvamile avalelwe ibanga elingamakhilomitha angamashumi ukusuka endaweni yokukhipha amanzi. Futhi lokho kugeleza okwenziwe ngomlotha kanye ne-lapis lazuli kungafinyelela indawo engamakhilomitha angama-200 ukusuka enkabeni yokuphuma kwawo.
Kuyafaneleka ukusho lokho amafu e-pyroclastic amelela enye yezingozi ezinkulu zokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, njengoba zingathinta izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba ngesikhathi esifushane ngenxa yesivinini sokugeleza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayithinti nje impilo yomuntu nengqalasizinda kuphela, kodwa ihlale inemiphumela emibi yesikhathi eside esimweni sezulu, inhlabathi kanye namanzi.
Akha kanjani amafu e-pyroclastic?
Akuwona wonke ama-volcano akhiqiza amafu e-pyroclastic ngesikhathi sokuqhuma, kodwa amafu e-pyroclastic akheka kuphela ezintaba-mlilo ezinokuqhuma okusesilinganisweni ukuya kweziqhume kakhulu, njengokuqhuma kwe-Strombolian, i-Plinian, noma i-Vulcan.
Amafu e-Pyroclastic angakha ngezindlela ezahlukene, lapha sibala ezimbili zazo:
- Ngenxa yokuwa kwamandla adonsela phansi kwekholomu yokuqhuma endaweni ephakeme. Ukugoqa kwenzeka lapho ukuminyana kwekholomu kukhulu kunokuminyana komkhathi ozungezile.
- Ngokuwa kwe-lava dome, lesi yiqhubu eliqhamukayo lapho udaka lubonakala lubonakala lungagelezi kalula. Lapho i-lava dome iba nkulu kangangokuthi ishintshashintsha, iyawa, ekugcineni ibangele ukuqhuma.
izinhlobo ezikhona
Amafu e-Pyroclastic angahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ekwakhiweni kwawo, ama-sediments akhiqizwayo, ukuthi aqala kanjani, nokunye. Isibonelo, ngokuya ngokuminyana kwayo, okungukuthi, isilinganiso sezinhlayiyana eziqinile zegesi enazo kanye namadiphozithi ewakhayo, singathola:
i-pyroclastic tide
Zibonakala ngokuhlakazeka kwazo (ngenxa yokugcwala kwazo okuphansi kwezinhlayiya eziqinile), i-dynamism kanye nesiyaluyalu. Amagagasi angahlukaniswa abe amagagasi okushisa namagagasi abandayo. Angaba ngaphansi kwendawo abilayo amanzi, njengamagagasi abandayo, noma zingafinyelela amazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-1000°C, njengamagagasi okushisa. I-Pyroclastic tidal deposits ibonakala ngokucebile ku-lapis lazuli kanye ne-lithics (izingcezu zamadwala ezaziqinile ngesikhathi sokuqhuma). Kodwa-ke, kufanelekile ukucacisa ukuthi ukugeleza kwejethi ngokuvamile akubhekwa njengohlobo lokugeleza kwe-pyroclastic.
Ukugeleza kwe-Pyroclastic
Ziwukugeleza okukhiqizwa ikakhulukazi ukuqhuma kwesitayela se-Purin, okunokuminyana okuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nama-pyroclastic surges. Amadiphozithi akhiwe yi-lava kunzima ukutadisha ngoba azikho izingqimba zangaphakathi ezibonakalayo, kodwa ngokuvamile, amadiphozithi awo abizwa ngokuthi ama-ignimbrites futhi ahlanganisa izinhlayiya ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene: kusukela emlotheni kuya ezigangeni.
Imiphumela
Ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo iFuego yaseGuatemala sekubulale okungenani abantu abangu-65 kuze kube manje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi wokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo onobudlova ushiye abantu abangama-46 besha ngezinga lesibili nelesithathu, Izakhamuzi eziyizigidi ezingu-1,7 zathinteka ngokwezinga elithile futhi ifu lomlotha laphakama laba ngamamitha ayi-10.000 ukuphakama.
NgeSonto eledlule bekuyi-Fuego yesibili yokuqhuma kwe-2018 futhi enkulu kunazo zonke eminyakeni yamuva. Bunjalo ubukhulu benhlekelele ukuthi udaka oluphuma emgodini selufinyelele phezulu endaweni engamakhilomitha angama-260 ukusuka endaweni engqophamlando yentaba-mlilo.
Inhlekelele yenzeke ngesikhathi udaka lucwilisa elinye lamapayipi alo avamile, okubangele ukuba libaleke kwezinye izimbobo zemvelo kanye nefaneli liye emadolobheni amane aseduze nomgodi. Ngakho, amandla emvelo agcina engcwabe inqwaba yabantu abangakwazi ukuphuma endaweni yenhlekelele.
Kodwa udaka lwentaba-mlilo akusona ukuphela kwesikhali esibulalayo entaba-mlilo iFuego yaseGuatemala. Amafu e-Pyroclastic angenye yezingozi ezinkulu ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Laziwa nangokuthi "ifu elivuthayo", yafinyelela ukuphakama okungamamitha angu-1.500 lapho ikhishwa.
Kuyingxubevange yamagesi entabamlilo, izinto eziqinile (umlotha namadwala anobukhulu obuhlukene) nomoya okhishwa intaba-mlilo ngesikhathi sokuqhuma, ushelela phansi ngendlela esheshayo nelimazayo ngenxa yamandla entaba-mlilo. Lokhu kugeleza kwe-pyroclastic kungafinyelela isivinini esingafika kumakhilomitha angama-200 ngehora, futhi ngenxa yamandla akho namazinga okushisa aphakeme, angaqhubekela phambili futhi anqobe izithiyo endleleni yawo, ukubala ngaphansi kwentaba-mlilo noma angcwabe izindawo ezidlula kuzo.
Njengoba ubona, amafu e-pyroclastic ayingozi kakhulu futhi kufanele acatshangelwe ukuze kuvikelwe abantu ekuqhumeni kwentaba-mlilo. Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana namafu e-pyroclastic nezici zawo.