I-Las amafu entaba-mlilo Zivela ngenxa yokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Ngokuvamile zinezici eziyingqayizivele ngoba ziminyene kakhulu futhi ngaphakathi kwazo kukhona umfundi wamagesi avuthayo kanye nezinto ze-pyroclastic ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Lawa mafu ayingozi kakhulu emkhathini, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile anemiphumela emibi kakhulu yezomnotho.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana namafu entaba-mlilo, ukwakheka kwawo kanye nezici.
amafu entaba-mlilo
Ngempelasonto ka-April 17 kuya ku-18, 2010, ifu lentabamlilo ladonsa amehlo omhlaba. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezedlule, intaba-mlilo i-Eyjafjallajökull yase-Iceland yaqhuma, yadedela imfucumfucu ewugqinsi yamagesi avuthayo nezinto eziwugqinsi ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene emkhathini owakhukhulela ngasempumalanga, uqhutshwa umoya, wavala indawo enkulu yomoya yaseYurophu.
Iqiniso lokuthi kuqhume intaba-mlilo yase-Iceland akufanele kumangaze, njengoba izwe laseNordic likwesinye sezifunda ezinyakazisa kakhulu emhlabeni. Kunezintaba-mlilo ezimbalwa ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zase-Iceland, eziningi zazo ezinomlando omude wokuqhuma futhi zinkulu kunokuqhuma kwe-Eyjafjallajökull. Ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwamazinga ahlukene e-tropospheric, ayikwazi ukwethula impahla engaphezu kuka-6 kuya ku-8 km ukuphakama.
Uma iplamu ifinyelela ku-stratosphere, ukugeleza komoya okunamandla okubusa lapho kuzobangela ukuba umlotha usakazeke ngokushesha kuyo yonke iplanethi, okubangele ukupholisa okuphawulekayo komhlaba wonke. Lezi zinhlobo zokungahambi kahle kwesimo sezulu ziye zaphindwa kuwo wonke umlando futhi ngezinye izikhathi zibangelwa izintaba-mlilo zase-Iceland ezifana neLaki noma i-Hekla.
Izici zamafu entaba-mlilo
Amafu entabamlilo abonisa izici ezithile eziwahlukanisa namafu avamile. Ukukhishwa okunobudlova okuphezulu kwezinto ezishisayo ezivela kuntaba-mlilo ngokushesha kwadala iqoqo elikhulu elishisayo elakhuphuka ngokushesha.
Ngaphakathi, le ntaba-mlilo ikhafula amagesi anobuthi ahambisana nomhwamuko wamanzi nenani elikhulu lama-pyroclast, ayizingcezu zamadwala entaba-mlilo anobukhulu obuhlukahlukene—kusukela emlotheni omncane kunawo wonke, njalo ngaphansi kuka-2 mm ububanzi, kuze kufike kumatshe amakhulu— Badaya amafu ngombala omnyama ojwayelekile. Ukungqubuzana kwezinto ezishisayo ezihlukene kudala ukwehlukana kwezindleko, ngokuvamile okuholela ekukhanyeni kombani emafini omlotha.
Njengoba ifu likhula ngobude, imimoya enamandla ilihambisa ngaseceleni, idale ikholomu okuthi, esimweni se-Eyjafjallajökull, ifinyelela izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ngasempumalanga esibhakabhakeni phezu kwengxenye enkulu yezwekazi laseYurophu.
Njengoba lezi zinto zisavalelwe emkhathini lapho izindiza zindiza khona, futhi njengoba izinhlayiya zentaba-mlilo zingaba nomthelela omubi kuzo (ukuvimbela ukukhishwa kwenjini nokwenza njenge-sandpaper kuphrofayili yendiza), iziphathimandla, ezibhekele ukuhamba kwezindiza, ziye zaphoqeleka ukuthi zinciphise kancane kancane. umthamo womoya eziwundizayo. Indawo ekhululekile, eholele ekuvaleni isikhumulo sezindiza, ishiye izigidi zabagibeli zivaliwe. Naphezu kokuzwa ukugxekwa kokuthi isilinganiso asilingani futhi asinasibopho, ngokubona kwami, kumele sikushayele ihlombe ukubeka eqhulwini ukuphepha kwezindiza, kungakhathaliseki ukungaqiniseki okungenzeka mayelana nomthelela impahla yentaba-mlilo engase ibe nawo ezindizeni.
Njengoba izinto zisalokhu zilinganiselwe emazingeni omkhathi lapho izindiza zindizela khona, uma kubhekwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izinhlayiya zentaba-mlilo zingaba nomthelela omubi kuzo (ukuvimbela ukuphuma kwegesi yezinjini futhi zenze njengephepha le-sandpaper kumaphrofayili endiza), iziphathimandla. obhekele ukuhamba kwezindiza baphoqeleka ukuthi bakhawule kancane kancane izindawo ezikhululekile zendiza, okuholela ekuvalweni okudabukisayo kwezikhumulo zezindiza, kwanciphisa izigidi zabagibeli.
Ingozi yendiza
Ifu lomlotha wentaba-mlilo libeka engcupheni enkulu ukuphepha kokuhamba emoyeni, okubangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezomnotho. Ifu elibizwa nge-volcanic ash cloud liqukethe umlotha wentaba-mlilo, i-rock powder, sulfur dioxide, umhwamuko wamanzi, i-chlorine namanye amagesi, kanye nezici zokulandelela eziyingozi endizeni, ikakhulukazi endaweni yokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu.
Amakholomu egesi, umlotha namatshe akhishiwe ku-crater asebenza njenge-condensation nuclei yomhwamuko wamanzi emkhathini, enze amafu omlotha. Kuye ngamandla omoya, la mafu athinta ngokushesha izindawo ezinkulu ze-airspace ohlangothini lwe-lee lwentaba-mlilo. Ingozi yabo ayikona nje kuphela emonakalweni abawudalayo, kodwa futhi nobunzima bokuwagwema ngesikhathi sokundiza, ngoba awahlukaniswa kalula namafu avamile.
Umlotha ofakwe injini lapho indiza uqukethe ingxenye ephezulu yama-silicates, ancibilika emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lokusebenza kwenjini, afake ama-fan blades nangaphakathi enjinini, okubangela ukulahlekelwa ukuthsika noma ngisho nokuma kwenjini. Umlotha ingaguga izingxenye zenjini, ama-windshields kanye nemiphetho ehamba phambili yama-airfoil, amashubhu e-pitot avale, futhi angene kumasistimu okushisa umoya noma alimaze izimpondo.
Lolu chungechunge lwezinkinga lungabeka imingcele ephawulekayo ekuhambeni kwezindiza, njengoba imizila kufanele ishintshwe futhi nenani lezindiza ezitholakalayo kufanele lincishiswe. Izindiza ezaphahlazeka ngemva kokuba nomlotha zazidinga ukulungiswa ngisho nokushintshwa kwezingxenye ezithile, okwenza ukuba zingasebenzi okwesikhashana.
Zitholwa kanjani?
Ukuba khona komlotha wentaba-mlilo kutholwa ngezithombe zesathelayithi, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthola ifu lomlotha nokunquma ukunwetshwa kwalo. Nokho, ngaphandle kolwazi lokuqhuma, kunzima ukuhlukanisa amafu omlotha kwamanye amafu usebenzisa iziteshi ezijwayelekile zokubuka ifu. Lapho i-Eyjafjallajökull iqhuma, ifu lomlotha lalingabonakali kalula ngesivinini esivamile, njengesiphepho esijulile eningizimu ye-Iceland esinegatsha elifudumele eliya ohlelweni olungaphambili engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yesiqhingi lidlula ifu ngokubukeka kwalo.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana namafu entaba-mlilo nezici zawo.