Siyazi ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamadwala emhlabeni wethu kuye ngemvelaphi yawo nezici. Sinamadwala e-sedimentary, igneous kanye ne-metamorphic. Lezi zinhlobo ezi-3 zamadwala yilawo asabalaliswa kuwo wonke uqweqwe lomhlaba. Nokho, abantu abaningi abazi amadwala akheka kanjani.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ukuthi amadwala akhiwa kanjani isinyathelo ngesinyathelo, yiziphi izici ezisuka kuzo kanye nokubaluleka kwalezi zinqubo.
Amatshe, amakristalu namaminerali
Amatshe owabona eduze kwakho—izintaba, imihosha nemifula—akhiwe ngamaminerali. Idwala lakhiwe ngamaminerali amabili noma ngaphezulu. Udinga amaminerali ukuze wenze amatshe, kodwa awudingi amatshe ukwenza amaminerali. Wonke amatshe enziwe ngamaminerali zonke izingxenye zeminerali zenziwe ngento efanayo. Uma ubungasika isampula yensimbi, izobukeka ifana yonke indawo. Kukhona cishe amaminerali ahlukahlukene ayi-3.000 emhlabeni. Amaminerali akhiwe ngamakhemikhali, okungaba ingxenye yamakhemikhali eyodwa noma inhlanganisela yezakhi zamakhemikhali. Ziyi-103 izakhi zamakhemikhali ezaziwayo.
Amakristalu ngamaminerali anethuba lokukhula ngendlela enqunywe kusengaphambili. Amakhemikhali akha amaminerali anquma amafomu angaba nawo. Singakhuluma ngamaminerali ahlukene kusukela kumafomu e-crystalline abanawo.
Amaminerali kwesinye isikhathi akheka ezikhaleni ezingenaso isikhala esiningi, ngakho-ke abanalo ifomu elicwebezelayo. Uma i-mineral inesisindo esikhulu, ibizwa ngokuthi i-massive mineral. Uma kunesimo esichazwe kahle, esinezinhlangothi eziyisicaba ezibonakala kalula kanye nemiphetho, kubizwa ngokuthi ingilazi yamaminerali.
Iningi lamakristalu aseMhlabeni lakhiwe izigidi zeminyaka edlule. Amakristalu akheka lapho idwala eliwuketshezi ngaphakathi eMhlabeni liphola futhi liqina. Ngezinye izikhathi amakristalu akheka lapho uketshezi olungaphansi komhlaba luhamba phakathi kokuphuka futhi lufaka kancane amaminerali. Amakristalu amaningi amaminerali athatha izinkulungwane zeminyaka ukuthi "akhule," kodwa amanye afana nefomu likasawoti ngokushesha ukuze ukwazi ukuwabuka ekhula ekhaya.
Uma amatshe ephulwa abe izingcezu ezincane nezincane, aphenduka abe isihlabathi. Uma ubheka isihlabathi ngesibonakhulu, uzobona ukuthi sakhiwe ngamaminerali afanayo netshe esiphuma kulo. Lapho isitshalo siqala ukuhluma esihlabathini, siphenduka sisuka emadwaleni amancane siye emhlabathini.
amadwala akheka kanjani
Amadwala ahlala ekhiwa, efakwa, futhi ecwila, bese elungiswa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi umjikelezo wamadwala. Kufana nomjikelezo wamanzi, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi eside. Kumatshe, lolu shintsho luthatha izinkulungwane nezigidi zeminyaka.
Ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi
Ukuguguleka kuyingxenye ebalulekile yomjikelezo wamadwala. Inesibopho sokwenza indawo eningi ethakazelisayo esizungezile. Lokhu futhi kuyinkinga enkulu, njengoba abantu behlala ngobuningi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene futhi basebenzisa imvelo ngandlela-thile. Kunezinto abantu abangakwazi ukuzenza ukwandisa ukuguguleka noma ukunciphisa. Ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kubangelwa ikakhulukazi isimo sezulu.
Amanzi adala ukuguguleka okukhulu. Uma lina njengemvula ene-asidi, ingancibilikisa amadwala angezwani ne-asidi. Imabula ne-limestone kungawohloka lapho kunemvula. Izikhukhula zenzeka lapho izimvula zinamandla kakhulu, njengezikhathi zezimvula. Imifula egeleza kakhulu noma echichimayo ingabangela ukudilika kwenhlabathi futhi igugule usebe lwemifula.
Isenzo samagagasi ogwini singadala ukuguguleka okukhulu. Amagagasi ayeshaya amadwala futhi, ngezikhathi ezithile, amawa ayebhidlika. Yingakho ngokuvamile uyothola amatshe amancane esihlabathini ogwini lolwandle. Imisinga enamandla, njengaleyo etholakala emifuleni yasezintabeni ehamba ngokushesha, noma amagagasi amakhulu ogwini, ingabangela ukuba amatshe agingqike. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi imiphetho ebukhali yamadwala ishayisane, ngakho-ke amatshe omfula, kanye namatshe ogwini, abukeka ebushelelezi.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izintaba ziyabhidlika ngenxa yomjikelezo weqhwa/ukuncibilika, namadwala amakhulu adilika abe mancane. Lapho amanzi engena emifantwini yedwala. umthamo walawo manzi uyanda phakathi nomjikelezo wesithwathwa, okwenza imifantu ibe mikhulu. Lapho imifantu igcwala amanzi phakathi nokuncibilika kweqhwa, kuvumela amanzi engeziwe ukuthi acwile ekujuleni nasekujuleni kwamadwala, okubangele ukuba aqhekeke lapho eqhwa futhi.
Njengoba umoya uthwala isihlabathi nothuli, ingabhubhisa izingqimba zamadwala ezingekho. Umoya ungaqhekeza kalula isihlabathi esincane bese usebenzisa lesi sihlabathi ukushaya amadwala endleleni yomoya. Ngezinye izikhathi izingqimba zamatshe athambile nje ziyaguguleka, zishiye izimo ezithakazelisayo. Lokhu kuguguleka ngokuvamile kwenzeka kuphela ezindaweni ezomile kakhulu, njengezingwadule.
Akhiwa kanjani amatshe avuthayo
Amadwala amasha e-igneous ayakhiwa lapho kuqhuma izintaba-mlilo kanye namatshe awuketshezi akhuphukela emhlabeni. Uma idwala lisesimweni esiwuketshezi ngaphakathi eMhlabeni, libizwa ngokuthi i-magma. Uma i-magma iqina phakathi koqweqwe lomhlaba, iba yigwadle. Iningi lezintaba lenziwe ngegwadle.
Lapho izintaba ziqala ukwakheka, zazizinde futhi zimangelengele; njengezintaba zaseRocky ogwini olusentshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (izigidi zeminyaka), izintaba ziba izintaba zasendulo, njengezintaba ze-Appalachian ogwini olusempumalanga ye-United States. Njengoba zikhula, ziyazungeza futhi zibe zifushane kakhulu ngobude. Okwenzekayo ngalesi sikhathi ukuthi izingxenye zedwala ziyaguguleka. Imvula, iqhwa/imijikelezo yokuncibilika, umoya, namanzi agelezayo kucekela phansi intaba kancane.
Akhiwa kanjani amatshe e-sedimentary kanye ne-metamorphic
Ekugcineni, izingcezu eziningi zamadwala angenhla ziwela emifuleni nasemifuleni esezansi. Lezi zingcezu ezincane zesihlabathi namatshe zibizwa ngokuthi ama-sediments.
Lapho ukugeleza kwamanzi kuncipha, lezi zinsalela zihlala phansi echibini noma olwandle lapho igeleza khona. Eminyakeni eminingi, izingqimba zamatshe ahlukahlukene zihlala phansi emachibini nasezilwandle. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izingqimba zenhlabathi eyisihlabathi ezansi kwamachibi nezilwandle zaphenduka amadwala. Lawa abizwa ngokuthi ama- sedimentary rocks.
Amatshe e-Metamorphic angamadwala ashintshile. Igama livela egameni lesiGreki elithi "meta" nelithi "morph", okusho ukushintsha isimo. Amatshe e-Metamorphic ekuqaleni angama-igneous noma ama-sedimentary rocks, kodwa zishintshile ngenxa yokunyakaza koqweqwe. Njengoba uqweqwe luhamba, amadwala ayampintshana, futhi ukushisa kubangela ukuba amadwala ajike.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi amadwala akhiwa kanjani kanye nezici zawo.