I-Hubble Space Telescope iyithuluzi elikwazi ukuthola izithombe zekhwalithi ephezulu ngaphandle kokucabangela imikhawulo yokuba semaphethelweni angaphandle esiteji sokugcina somkhathi weplanethi yethu. Selokhu yadalwa, baningi abantu abafuna ukwazi yini etholwe yi-hubble telescope ukuduma kangaka.
Ngalesi sizathu, kulesi sihloko sizonikezela isifinyezo salokho okutholwe yi-telescope ye-Hubble nokuthi yiziphi izici zayo eziyinhloko.
Izici ze-Hubble Telescope
Isibonakude sisemaphethelweni angaphandle omkhathi. I-orbit lapho itholakala khona ingamakhilomitha angama-593 ngaphezu kolwandle. Kuthatha cishe imizuzu engama-97 kuphela ukuzungeza Umhlaba. Yaqala ukufakwa ku-orbit ngo-April 24, 1990 ukuze kutholwe izithombe ezingcono ngokulungiswa okuphezulu.
Phakathi kobukhulu bayo siyithola inabo isisindo esingaba ngu-11.000 4,2 kg, i-cylindrical in shape, 13,2 m ububanzi no-XNUMX m ubude. Njengoba ubona, iyitheleskopu enkulu kakhulu, kodwa ingantanta emkhathini ngaphandle kwamandla adonsela phansi.
IHubble Space Telescope iyakwazi ukukhombisa ukukhanya okufika kuyo ngenxa yezibuko zayo ezimbili. Isibuko naso sikhulu. Enye yazo ingamamitha angu-2,4 ububanzi. Ilungele ukuhlola isibhakabhaka njengoba iqukethe amakhamera amathathu adidiyelwe kanye nama-spectrometer amaningana. Amakhamera ahlukaniswe abe imisebenzi eminingana. Enye iwukuthatha izithombe zezindawo ezincane kunazo zonke endaweni esekelwe kuyo ngenxa yokukhanya kwazo kude. Ngakho bazama ukuthola amaphuzu amasha esikhaleni futhi bakhe amamephu aphelele kangcono.
Enye ikhamera isetshenziselwa ukuthwebula amaplanethi nokuthola ulwazi olwengeziwe ngawo. Lesi sakamuva sisetshenziselwa ukubona imisebe nokuthatha izithombe ngisho kumnyama ngoba sisebenza nge-infrared. Ngenxa yamandla avuselelekayo, isibonakude singahlala isikhathi eside.
Yini etholwe isibonakude i-Hubble?
Iminyaka yendawo yonke
Izazi zezinkanyezi zisebenzisa izindlela ezimbili ukuze zibale iminyaka yendawo yonke: ukubheka izinkanyezi ezindala kakhulu nokukala ukwanda komkhathi. Namuhla kulinganiselwa ukuthi indawo yonke isineminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-13.700 ikhona, futhi isibonakude i-Hubble siyisihluthulelo sokusibona. Ngenxa yochungechunge lwezithombe ezithathwe isibonakude kusukela ngo-1995, ezibizwa ngokuthi "deep field", izazi zezinkanyezi zikwazile "ukubheka emuva ngesikhathi", njengoba u-Díaz esho, futhi baqonde ukuthi imithala yayibukeka kanjani lapho iqala, njengokungathi yayikhona. indawo yonke yezinsalela.
Esinye sezithombe, esibizwa nge-"Ultra Deep Field" ye-Hubble, sathathwa ngo-2012 futhi sembula imithala ekude nemidala kunayo yonke eyake yabonwa. Ngenxa yebanga lazo nesikhathi esisithathayo ukuze ukukhanya kwazo kufinyelele kithi, ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi izithombe zibonisa imithala esendaweni yonke eneminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingu-800 kuphela ubudala.
Amandla amnyama angaqondakali kanye nokwanda kwendawo yonke
Umkhathi wethu ukhula njalo, into eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-Hubble constant." Isikhathi eside, izazi zendawo yonke ziye zaphikisana ngokuthi lokhu kwanda kuzoncipha noma kume esikhathini esithile endaweni yonke.
Kodwa-ke, izithombe ze-Hubble zibonisa ukuthi empeleni kwenzeka okuphambene. Ngokubuka izinkanyezi eziqhumayo ezisaqhuma ziqhelelene futhi kancane kancane, ezibizwa ngokuthi i-supernovae, ibanga eliqhele ngezigidi zezigidi zeminyaka yokukhanya, izibonakude ziye zabonisa ukuthi indawo yonke yanda ngokungenamkhawulo nangezinga elikhula njalo.
Kufana nokubuka ukukhanya kwekhandlela, lapho ilangabi libonakala limnyama, lapho ikhandlela libonakala likude. Isizathu salokhu kwanda okuqhubekayo ukuba khona kwalokho okuthiwa amandla amnyama, amandla angaqondakali esiwazi kancane kakhulu, kodwa imiphumela yawo ye-antigravity ibonakala.
Indaba emnyama
Indaba emnyama ingenye imfihlakalo enkulu yesayensi. Ngokuphambene nalokho esikubonayo nesikuthintayo, izinto ezimnyama ziyisakhiwo esinwebeka njengendwangu engabonakali phakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini.
Nakuba zingabonakali, izazi zezinkanyezi zisengayibona imiphumela yezinto ezimnyama ngokubheka ukuthi ukukhanya okudlula emithala ekude kuhlanekezelwe kanjani. Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi "i-gravitational lensing.". I-gravitational lensing ibonisa ukuthi ukukhanya kugoba kanjani lapho kushayisana nezinto ezinkulu njengemithala, kodwa izinto ezimnyama nazo zibangela ukukhanya "ukugoba."
Umbono onamandla ka-Hubble ukwazile ukubona lawa ma-lens adonsela phansi azungeze amaqoqo omthala. Ngenxa yalokhu kuhlanekezelwa kokukhanya okuboniswa u-Hubble, izazi zezinkanyezi zingakwazi ukwenza izibalo futhi zinqume indawo nohlobo lwento ebonakalayo nengabonakali eyenza indawo ebhekiwe.
Imbobo emnyama
Ngosizo lweHubble kungaqinisekiswa ukuthi cishe yonke imithala inezimbobo ezimnyama phakathi nendawo yayo. Isibonakude sikwazi ukukhombisa izithombe zokuqala zegesi ezungeze imbobo emnyama futhi, ukusuka lapho, silinganise ubukhulu baso futhi siqonde kangcono ukuthi idalwe kanjani.
Emasontweni ambalwa edlule, iphinde yathola ngempumelelo imbobo emnyama ephakathi nendawo, okunzima ukuyithola. I-Hubble ikwazile ukuthwebula ubukhona bayo ngoba ithwebule isikhathi esiqondile inkanyezi esondelene kakhulu nayo egwinywe ngaso, umcimbi osonkanyezi uma kuqhathaniswa "nokubulala kwendawo yonke."
Izimbobo ezimnyama eziphakathi nendawo ziyisixhumanisi esingekho ekuziphendukeleni kwendawo yonke abacwaningi asebefuna isikhathi eside.
Izinsika Zendalo
Mhlawumbe isithombe esidume kakhulu esake sathathwa u-Hubble, "Izinsika Zendalo" sathathwa okokuqala ngo-1995. Izinga lemininingwane kulezi zinhlobo zezithombe alikwazi ukufezwa ngezibonakude ezisekelwe phansi.
Lesi sithombe sibonisa indawo ye-Eagle Nebula, isifunda esikhulu esenza izinkanyezi ezineminyaka engu-6.500 ukukhanya ukusuka eMhlabeni. "Izinsika Zendalo" zibonisa izinto eziminyene ezingazange zibhujiswe imisebe, okusivumela ukuba sibone yonke igesi nothuli olusele luntanta emkhathini ngemva kokuzalwa kwezindikimba zasemkhathini, njengezinkanyezi.
Imibala esesithombeni igqamisa ukukhishwa kwezinto ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali. Umoya-mpilo uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, isulfure unombala osawolintshi, kanti i-hydrogen ne-nitrogen kuluhlaza.
ubuso obusabekayo
Ngo-2019, uHubble wathwebula isithombe esiyinqaba salokho okwakubukeka njengobuso obungajwayelekile… kangangokuthi i-NASA yasikhipha njengeso le-Halloween. Nokho, akukho okungaphezu kwemvelo kuleso sithombe. Okukubonisayo ngempela ukungqubuzana okuqondile phakathi kwemithala emibili. Amehlo, amakhala kanye nemilomo 'yabafokazi' zazakhiwe ngamadiski othuli negesi adalwa imithala engqubuzanayo.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda okwengeziwe ngalokho okutholwe yi-Hubble telescope.