El Uhlelo lwase-Iberia Ingenye yezindlela eziyinhloko zezintaba eSpain. Itholakala esifundeni esimaphakathi neNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia, kodwa ngaphakathi koMphakathi waseValencian ngasempumalanga, ifinyelela cishe ogwini lwaseMedithera, indawo enkulu neyinkimbinkimbi yezintaba. Ngokombono we-hydrological, lolu hlelo lubalulekile eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia, njengoba luhlukanisa amachibi okusebenza kwamanzi emifula eminingi emikhulu eSpain nasePortugal.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ngazo zonke izici nokubaluleka kwe-Iberian System.
Izici eziyinhloko
Umkhawulo osentshonalanga we-Iberian System uhlukaniswe yi-Central Plateau, eyihlukanisa ne-Ebro Valley kanye nogu lweMedithera. Uhlelo lutholakala ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-500 ukuya enyakatho-ntshonalanga-eningizimu-mpumalanga phakathi kwesigodi sase-Ebro kanye nethafa elimaphakathi neMeseta, kusukela emhubheni waseLa Breba esifundazweni saseBurgos, eduze nezintaba zaseCantabrian, ukuya eMedithera eduze kwaseValencia, eningizimu nasempumalanga iTortosa kanye ne-Ebro Delta Iningi lesistimu yase-Iberia itholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu ye-Aragon. Uhlelo lwe-Prebético lukhuphukela eningizimu yeningizimu yesistimu yase-Iberia.
I-geology yohlelo lwase-Iberia iyinkimbinkimbi ngoba kunzima ukuyichaza njengohlelo olulinganayo. Yakhiwe uchungechunge lwezintaba ezingajwayelekile nezihlukene, ama-massifs, amathafa nama-depressions ngaphandle kokwakheka okucacile kwe-petrological. Ezinye izingxenye zesistimu zihlukanisiwe ngokwezwe, ziphazamisa ukuqhubeka kwazo zonke, zixhuma nezinye izingxenye ngamathafa anobude obuhlukahlukene.
Izindawo ezinkulu ze-Iberia Cordillera ziye zancipha kakhulu kusukela ngekhulu lama-XNUMX. Kunamadolobhana amaningi ayizipoki noma amadolobha alahliwe ahlakazeke ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zohlelo lwase-Iberia, ikakhulukazi esifundazweni saseTeruel. Namuhla, inqwaba yamadolobha asekhona anezinsalela kuphela. Kwezinye izimo, izakhamuzi eziningi kwakungezona ezomdabu, kodwa izifiki ezivela eRomania zaziqashwa njengezisebenzi emisebenzini yezolimo.
Ukufuduka ezindaweni zasemaphandleni zaseSpain kwanda ngemva kohlelo lukaJenene Franco lokuzinzisa ngo-1959. Inani labantu lehla kakhulu futhi abantu bathuthela ezindaweni zezimboni emadolobheni amakhulu namadolobhana asogwini lapho ezokuvakasha zande khona. Ezinye izizathu zokufuduka kwabantu abaningi kwaba ukushiywa kwemikhuba yezolimo yendabuko yintsha yendawo, njengokufuywa kwezimvu nezimbuzi, okwakuwumgogodla womnotho wasemaphandleni, kanye nezinguquko zokuphila ezasakazekela emaphandleni aseSpain ekhulwini lesibili leminyaka.
Fauna
Ukuncipha kwabantu abaningi kuthanda izilwane, yingakho elinye lamakoloni okugcina aseYurophu ama-griffin condors liye latholakala ohlelweni lwase-Iberia. Izimpisi nezinkozi nazo zivame kakhulu ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingenamuntu. Phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo, imbuzi yasezintabeni, izinyamazane izinyamazane, izingulube zasendle, imbila yaseYurophu, isakhi sofuzo esivamile, njll., zinezindawo eziningi zokuhlala kulezi zintaba eziyincithakalo.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezivame kakhulu ohlelweni lwase-Iberia i-Lepidoptera, i-Psammodromus algirus, i-Psammodromus hispanicus, i-Podarcis Muralis ne-Podarcis hispánica, i-Chalcides chalcides, i-Chalcides bedriagai ne-Anguis fragilis azivamile. Izinyoka zalezi zintaba iNatrix maura, Natrix natrix, Malpolon monspessulanus, Elaphe scalaris, Coronella girondica, Coronella austriaca kanye neVipera latastei.
Ezinye izilwane ezihlala emanzini ziningi eduze kwamachibi nemifudlana kulo lonke uhlelo, njenge-Rana perezi, i-Bufo bufo, i-Bufo calamita, i-Alytes obstetricans, i-Triturus marmoratus ne-Lissotriton helveticus, le yakamuva futhi ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, emanzini aphakathi nendawo noma unomphela. Ezinye azivamile kangako, njenge-Hyla arborea ne-Salamandra salamandra, kodwa zisabalele, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasehlathini ezinomswakama. Nokho, iPleurodeles waltl ayivamile ukutholakala ezintabeni. Izilwane ezingenamgogodla zasemanzini, okuhlanganisa i-Austropotamobius pallipes, crayfish, nezinhlanzi ezithile ezifana ne-Salaria fluviatilis ne-Cobitis paludica, zivamile ezindaweni eziphakeme zomfula i-Sistema Ibérico. Eminye imifudlana yasezintabeni itshalwe kabusha ukuze kwenziwe i-trout.
Endaweni eyomile yeminye imizana ohlelweni, imisebenzi yemfuyo yendabuko eyayibaluleke kakhulu enkabeni yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia isekhona. Bekukhona nabazingeli abebevakashela ezinye izintaba, ikakhulukazi lezo eziseduze nedolobha, ikakhulukazi ngezimpelasonto.
Izimila Zohlelo lwase-Iberia
Amaxhaphozi awavamile eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia, kodwa amaxhaphozi aphakeme kakhulu akha ezindaweni ezimbalwa zesistimu yase-Iberia lapho amanzi ehlala emile, njenge-Bronzales, eduze ne-Orihuela del Tremedal futhi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-P.noma isifunda sase-Fuente del Hierro, ukuphakama kuphakathi kwamamitha angu-1.400 no-1.550. Izitshalo ezimila kula mabhogi ikakhulukazi ubulembu obunoboya, i-Erectus vulgaris, i-Pinguicula vulgaris, i-Vaccinium myrtillus, i-Calluna vulgaris, ne-Drosera rotundifolia, isitshalo esidla inyama esingakhuli eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeYurophu.
I-Cordilleras ye-Iberian System
Uhlelo lwase-Iberia luhlanganisa izintaba nezintaba eziningana:
- OkwaseNyakatho: ISierra de la Demanda, Sierra de Neila, Mesa de Cebollera nePicos de Urbión, enyakatho-ntshonalanga, Sierra de Alcarama, Sierra de Peñalmonte, Sierra de Moncalvillo kanye neMoncayo, eqhelile enyakatho, ihlala ineqhwa ebusika, iLa Sierra. I-Nava Alta enesandiso sayo empumalanga.
- Entshonalanga: Izintaba ezincane nezomile eduze nendawo yenguquko yesistimu emaphakathi, njenge-Sierra de Perdices, Sierra Ministra, Sierra de Calderas (Águila 1.443 m), Sierra de Pardos, Sierra de Miñana, Sierra de Solorio, Sierra de Selas (Aragoncillo 1.517 m ) kanye ne-Parameras de Molina (I-Landmark Ephakeme 1.408 m).
- Ephakathi: Izintaba eziningi enkabeni yesistimu, njengeSierra de la Virgen, Sierra de Vicort, Sierra de Algairén, Sierra de Santa Cruz, Sierra de Cucalón, Sierra de Herrera, Sierra de San Just, Sierra de Lidón kanye neSierra Palomé Pull, njll.
- INingizimu-ntshonalanga: Serranía de Cuenca, Sierra Menera, Sierra de Albarracín, Montes de Picaza (Colmenarejo 1426 m), Montes Universales kanye Sierra de Mira.
- ENingizimu-mpumalanga: Sierra de Javalambre, Sierra del Toro, Sierra de Gúdar, Sierra de Mayabona, Sierra de Camarena, Sierra de Sollavientos, Sierra del Rayo kanye neSierra de Pina.
- Lena: iqoqo lezintaba ezingena oLwandle iMedithera, okukhona kuzo iMaestrat noma iMaestrazgo nePenyagolosa massifs, iSierra de la Lastra, Sierra de los Caballos, Sierra de Garrocha, Sierra de la Canada, Sierra Carrascosa, Ports de Morella, Serra de la Creu . de la Vall d'Àngel, i-Sierra de Cervera, i-Serra de Sant Pere, i-Serra Calderona kanye namagquma aphansi eSerra d'Espadà ngasemaphethelweni asempumalanga.
- Inyakatho-mpumalanga: isifunda sezintaba eziyinkimbinkimbi exhunywe izintaba zasendulo ogwini Catalan, kuhlanganise izintaba Tortosa-Bercet futhi Benifasa.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-Iberian System kanye nezici zayo.