UJohann Wolfgang von Goethe Wayengumbhali waseJalimane, imbongi kanye nososayensi owazalwa ngo-1749. Ubhekwa njengomunye wababhali ababaluleke kakhulu bezincwadi zesiJalimane nezomhlaba. Ubuye wabhala i-eseyi mayelana ne-meteorology futhi waziwa ngokudala "umdlalo wamafu."
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela mayelana ne-biography nemisebenzi ka-Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
Biography of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Uyise, uJohann Caspar Goethe, ummeli okhanyiselwe, wahoxa empilweni yomphakathi wakhulisa izingane zakhe yedwa. Umama wakhe, uCatharina Elizabeth Textor, wayeyindodakazi kasodolobha wangaphambili waseFrankfurt, okwamxhumanisa nonxiwankulu baseFrankfurt abahlonishwayo. Zonke izingane zombhangqwana zafa zisencane, ngaphandle kukaGoethe nodadewabo uCornelia Friedrich. UChristiana, owazalwa ngo-1750.
UGoethe cishe wayenamandla onke: umqondisi wemidlalo yaseshashalazini, umhlaziyi, intatheli, usopolitiki, usopolitiki, umdwebi, uthisha, isazi sefilosofi, isazi-mlando, umbhali we-opera, akazange nje agxile kwezesayensi, kodwa ekugcineni waba umbhali wamanoveli, isikhumbuzo, umbhali wemidlalo, umbhali kanye nembongi. Ngokukhalipha okumangalisayo kanye nokuzinza kwengqondo okuyisibonelo, okuzuzwe ngesiyalo esiqinile, wabonisa umgomo othile waseYurophu osekelwe elukulukuni lamasiko nelomhlaba wonke.
Ufundele umthetho eNyuvesi yaseLeipzig, lapho waba nesithakazelo ezincwadini nasekudwebeni. Wabuye wafundela ubugqi, ukubhula ngezinkanyezi kanye ne-alchemy. Umngane kanina, uKatharina von Klettenberg, wamethula enkolweni eyimfihlakalo.
Lapho ebuyela ku-Weimar ngo-1788, wathola ukuphikiswa ezimisweni zakhe ezintsha zokubhala kanye nenzondo kweminye imibuthano yasenkantolo ngenxa yokuhlalisana kwakhe noChristiane Vulpius osemusha, okwathi ngoDisemba 1789 waba nendodana. Waba umkakhe ngo-1806, ababenabantwana abahlanu, nakuba kwafika kuphela omdala, uJulius August. UGoethe ngokwakhe wayefuna ukuba usosayensi odumile.
impumelelo ngesayensi
Sekuyisikhathi eside isayensi yezinto eziphilayo yaqashelwa njengemkweleta, ikakhulukazi umqondo we-morphology, oyisisekelo senkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Cabanga ngomsebenzi wakhe obaluleke kakhulu u-Zur Farbenlehre we-1810, i Ithiyori yemibala kaGoethe lapho azama ukudelela isayensi yeNewtonian. Kusukela ngo-1791 kuya ku-1813 waqondisa iDucal Theatre.
Waba umngane nombhali wemidlalo waseJalimane uFriedrich von Schiller. Lobu budlelwano, obathatha kusukela ngo-1794 kwaze kwaba sekufeni kukaSchiller ngo-1805, babubaluleke kakhulu kuGoethe. Imisebenzi emikhulu yayiyiminikelo yephephabhuku likaSchiller elithi The Hours, okuhlanganisa neRoman Elegies (1795), uchungechunge lwemisebenzi egqugquzelwe ukusebenzisana kwakhe noChristiane Vulpius) ezinkondlweni zothando ezithambile ezigqugquzelwe ubuhlobo bakhe nawo-1980; inoveli ethi The Apprentice Years kaWilliam Meister (1796) kanye ne-epic idyll uHermann noDorothea (1798). U-Schiller uphinde wakhuthaza u-Goethe ukuba abhale kabusha i-Faust, ingxenye yokuqala eyanyatheliswa ngo-1808. Isikhathi esisuka ku-1805 kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe e-Weimar sasikhiqiza.
Ithiyori yemibala nomdlalo wamafu ka-Johan Wolfgang von Goethe
Ithiyori yombala yathuthukiswa ngu-Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ibamba ukuthi imibala ayihlukaniswa zibe izingxenye eziyinhloko nesesibili, kodwa yizigigaba ezingokwengqondo ezenzeka ngaphakathi kombono womuntu lapho ebona ukukhanya. Encwadini yakhe ethi "Colour Theory", u-Goethe uchaza ukuthi imibala ingabonakala kanjani njenge-spectrum eqhubekayo nokuthi inhlanganisela ehlukene yemibala ingakhiqiza kanjani imiphumela ehlukene yokubuka.
Mayelana nomdlalo wamafu, kuwukubheka okuningiliziwe nokucatshangelwayo kwamafu kanye nezigigaba zomkhathi. UGoethe wayekholelwa ukuthi amafu awuhlobo lobuciko bemvelo futhi angafundwa ngendlela eqinile njenganoma iyiphi enye into emvelweni. Ngomdlalo wamafu, wathuthukisa ukuqonda okujulile kwemvelo futhi waba negalelo elibalulekile kusayensi yezezulu yesikhathi sakhe.
Ukuze uGoethe ame abuke amafu, kwakufanele kwenzeke ushintsho olukhulu ekuphileni kwakhe. Imbongi yasheshe yaduma ngenoveli egqugquzele inqwaba yabantu abazibulalayo, ethi, The Misadventures of Young Werther, kodwa umdlandla wayo wangaphambi kwe-Romantic washeshe washabalala. Uhambo oluya e-Italy lwamholela ezithakazelweni eziningi zobuciko ezihlukene waze waba umuntu onethonya elikhulu ku-classicism yaseJalimane.
Ngokokuqala ngqa wayenesithakazelo ekubunjweni kwamafu. Lokhu kwaziwa ngenxa yeqoqo lamanothi uGoethe awasungula encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo, eyaziwa ngokuthi iZenzo zaseZulwini ukulandelana kwezikhathi. Amanothi ezindaba, aseduze nencazelo kunokuhlaziya, anomfutho omkhulu wokubhala futhi ahlukaniswe izigaba ezine -Iqhinga, iCumulus, iCirrus kanye ne-Nimbus- eyandulelwa inkondlo.
Ngemva kokubuya e-Italy, imbongi yaqinisekisa impilo enokuthula enkantolo yase-Weimar. Indlalifa yesiko lefilosofi yamaGreki, yahlakulela iziyalo eziningi ezisekelwe kumagugu okulinganisela nokuvumelana. Izinkondlo nemidlalo yaseshashalazini kwamphakamisa, kodwa umlingisi wakhe weRenaissance wamholela kwisayensi. U-Goethe wafunda isenzakalo sethiyori yombala ngesisekelo sokuqagela okubonakalayo okwakuphikisana nalokho kuka-Isaac Newton.
Ngaphezu kwemisebenzi kaFernando Vicente, Umdlalo wamafu futhi uqukethe imifanekiso yemidwebo engaphezu kuka-3.000 esekhona yomdali we-eclectic. Abanye babo babefuna ukukhombisa isimo esithathwe isibhakabhaka "ngokwezilinganiso ezenziwe kumanothi ami okuqala", njengoba kuboniswe enye yamanothi. Kuze kube yingxenye yesibili lapho sibona khona imbongi kubo bonke ubukhazikhazi bayo. I-Essay on Meteorology iveza emsebenzini wakhe mayelana nezinga lokushisa izilinganiso ezimbili ezenza i-Goethe ibe isibalo esiphelele: ezesayensi nezokubhala. Le ncwadi ihlanganisa zonke izinto ezikukhathazayo kwezobuciko.
Ukufa kukaJohann Wolfgang von Goethe
UJohann Wolfgang von Goethe Washona ngo-March 22, 1832 e-Weimar, eneminyaka engu-82 ubudala. Imbangela yokufa kwakhe yisifo senhliziyo. U-Goethe ushiye ifa elihlala njalo hhayi kuphela ezincwadini namasiko, kodwa nakusayensi, ifilosofi, nezombusazwe. Umsebenzi wakhe uyaqhubeka ufundwa futhi ufundwe emhlabeni wonke, futhi ithonya lakhe lidlulela ngalé kwesikhathi nendawo azalelwa kuyo.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-biography nemisebenzi ka-Johan Wolfgang von Goethe.