James Webb Space Telescope

Ukucwaninga ngendawo yonke esimisweni sonozungezilanga kuthuthuka nsuku zonke ngesivinini esikhulu. Enye yentuthuko yakamuva yesayensi ukudalwa kwe James webb space telescope. UJames Webb yisibonakude sasemkhathini esisebenza kububanzi obubonakalayo, obuseduze ne-infrared, kanye ne-mid-infrared light spectrum. Inesibuko esinobubanzi obungamamitha angu-6,6 futhi sinezingxenye eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili ezinezinhlangothi ezine. Isibonakude sithuthukiswa njenge-infrared observatory.

Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana ne-James Webb Space Telescope, izici zayo kanye negalelo eliwenzile kwezesayensi.

Izici eziyinhloko

Ngenxa yokuthi umkhathi woMhlaba udonsa imisebe ye-infrared, ukuze uyibone, izibonakude ezifana ne-James Webb, ekwazi ukubona ingaphazamiseki ku-infrared, zingamabonakude amakhulu kunawo wonke futhi anembe kunawo wonke ake athunyelwa emkhathini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, yayiklanyelwe ukuba ikwazi ukubuka izinto zezinkanyezi ngokunemba okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili. Iyakwazi ukunquma ukuthi kanjani imithala yokuqala, ukuzalwa kwezinkanyezi kanye nomkhathi wama-exoplanets, ukwazi ukuthi izimo zokuphila zingenzeka yini.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, okwenza lesi sibonakude sikhetheke ukuthi, ngenxa yobukhulu baso, ukuze sithunyelwe emkhathini kufanele sikwazi ukugoqa esihlokweni serokhethi. Uma isisemkhathini, uma igoqiwe, kufanele ikwazi ukuzivulela yona ngesikhathi ukuya endaweni yokusebenza amakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyi-1,5 ukusuka eMhlabeni. Phakathi kwezinselele zokuthuthuka kwayo kwezobuchwepheshe, kufanele ikwazi ukuzihlukanisa nokushisa nokukhanya, futhi iphole kancane noma ingadingi amandla.

Iluphi uhlobo lwesibonakude iJames Webb?

Kuyi-James Webb Space Telescope esebenza ngokukhanya kwe-infrared ngezansi okubonakalayo. Iyakwazi ukunqamula ukukhanya okungabonakali ngeso lomuntu, kodwa uma itholwa ngesisetshenziswa esifanele, kungasiza ukutadisha izinto ezibandayo zezinkanyezi, njengamaplanethi amancane.

Futhi kuwuhlobo lwemisebe engahamba phakathi kwe-stardust, into ukukhanya okubonakalayo okungenakukwazi. Lesi sici senza kube nokwenzeka ukufunda izinto ezifana ama-dwarfs ansundu nama-protostars, azalwa noma angase azungezwe yi-stardust, okwenza kube nzima ukuphawula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhanya kwe-infrared okufinyelelwe yilesibonakude kungase kube ukunanela kokwakheka kokuqala kwemithala, okusesimweni sokukhanya okunwetshwa ukunwetshwa kwendawo yonke, kuthande ukubabomvu. Ngalesi sizathu, i-James Webb Space Telescope ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi i-telescope engahamba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ihamba kanjani i-James Webb Space Telescope?

UJames Webb uhambisana noMhlaba, uhamba uzungeza ilanga, kodwa akami. Izungeza inkanyezi yethu kanye ngonyaka, i-ellipse njalo ezinyangeni ezinhlanu, futhi ngenxa ye-kapton visor yayo, izibuko zayo namamojula wezinsimbi ahlala ehlukanisiwe nokukhanya kwelanga nokushisa ngaso sonke isikhathi. Iphuzu le-gravitational equilibrium point, iphuzu le-Lagrangian 2, Ingamakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-1,5 ukusuka emhlabeni wethu, lapho idinga amandla amancane kakhulu ukuze ihambe.

Lokhu konga amandla kuyivumela ukuthi isebenzise amandla ewathwebulayo ngamaphaneli ayo elanga ukuze isebenzise imiyalo ethunyelwe kuyo isuka eMhlabeni futhi ithumele idatha eyibonayo emhlabeni wethu. Ukuthumela imiyalo evela eMhlabeni ukuze usethe izindlela zokubheka noma omunye umuntu osebenzisa amathuluzi esayensi kungase kudinge imizuzu engu-30 ukuhamba amakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-1,5 phakathi kwetheleskopu kanye nothi lomsakazo oludlulisa futhi lwamukele idatha ye-CSIC CAB-INTA-CSIC.

Ibiza malini i-James Webb Space Telescope?

Ngokusho kweNASA, "izindleko zokwakha, ukwethulwa kanye nokuqhuba indawo yokubuka izinto zingamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-8,8. Iminyaka emihlanu yokusebenza izobiza amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-860, okusho ukuthi isamba sezindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila ezilinganiselwa ku-$9,66 billion.” Kodwa-ke, kwengezwe nokuthi isibonakude akulindelekile ukuthi silinganiselwe eminyakeni emihlanu yokusebenza, kodwa singasebenzisa isayensi yezinga eliphezulu nezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezanele cishe iminyaka eyi-10.

Itheleskopu ikwazile ukuthatha ukukhanya kwe-infrared okunwetshiwe kusuka ezintweni ezikude njengeminyaka yokukhanya eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-13.500, lapho kwakheka imithala yokuqala. I-James Webb itholakala endaweni ye-Lagrangian point 2, indawo yokulingana kwamandla adonsela phansi aqondana nomhlaba.

lesi sibonakude isetshenziswa yi-Space Telescope Science Institute e-Baltimore, USA Ososayensi abaphansi bathinte uJames Webb ngezimpondo zomsakazo eGoldstone (USA), Madrid naseCanberra (Australia), kuye ngokuthi yikuphi okuseduze nesibonakude, kuye ngesikhathi sosuku nendawo yoMhlaba. Itheleskopu ithola idatha ngothi lwayo lokuxhumana, futhi uma isiqedile umyalo othunyelwe kuyo usuka ku-STScI, iphinde idlulisele eyayo idatha isuka lapho.

Ososayensi abavela emhlabeni wonke bangathumela amaphrojekthi abo ocwaningo ukuze bafinyelele idatha yocwaningo lwesayensi. Esigabeni sokuqala, ithimba le-STScI lenze ukuhlola kokuqala kwezinyanga ezinhlanu, lenza idatha itholakale kunoma yisiphi isazi sezinkanyezi esiyimfundamakhwela. Bese kuba nesigaba sesikhathi esiqinisekisiwe salabo abathintekayo enqubweni yokuklama isibonakude, futhi ekugcineni isikhathi sokubuka sivulekele amaphrojekthi aseqhudelana kakade, okungukuthi, labo abazochitha amaphesenti angama-80 esikhathi sabo bebuka iWebb.

Lawa maphrojekthi kumele athunyelwe ngokungaziwa futhi ngaphandle kokubhekisela emsebenzini wangaphambilini ukuze akhethwe ngokusekelwe ekuzuzeni kwawo futhi ngaphandle kokubandlulula ubulili, ubuzwe noma ulwazi lwezemfundo.

Ubani owasungula i-James Webb Space Telescope?

Ngo-1988, uMlawuli weNASA uRiccardo Giaconi wabeka inselele yokwakha isibonakude esinamandla kaJames Webb ngaphambi kokwethula iHubble Space Telescope. Izinselelo zokwakha lesi sibonakude, i-Next Generation Space Telescope yokuqala, i-NGTS, ye-NGTS emfushane, zaqala ukubukiswa ngo-1989 engqungqutheleni yesayensi e-United States.

Lokhu akukona okusungulwe komuntu ngamunye, kodwa umzamo weqembu, oguqukayo njengoba uthuthuka futhi uhlanganisa ukusebenzisana okuvela emhlabeni wonke ngaphansi kwesambulela se-European Space Agency (ESA), i-Canadian Space Agency (CSA) kanye ne-consortium yabalingani. izimboni nososayensi.

Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-James Webb Space Telescope nezici zayo.