Uma sikhuluma ngakho Izintambo sisho noma iyiphi indawo ebithambekele maqondana nendawo evundlile. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zemithambeka, zombili ezemvelo nezokufakelwa, futhi zingathatha ifomu lesikhashana noma unomphela ngokuya ngohlobo lwazo.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zemithambeka, ukuthi zakhiwa kanjani nezimpawu zazo eziyinhloko.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zemithambeka
Indawo ethambekele ngokuhlobene nendawo evundlile ibhekwa njengethambeka. Kunemithambeka yemvelo enesakhiwo esakhiwe inhlabathi noma idwala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunemithambeka yokufakelwa eyenziwe ngosimende, i-asphalt noma ezinye izinto futhi isebenza ukudala ukungalingani ngenxa yesidingo noma ukusebenziseka kalula.
Sizokwehlukanisa okuyizinhlobo eziyinhloko zemithambeka:
- Okwemvelo: yilawo akhiwa emvelweni ngokusebenzisa ama-geological agents asebenza enhlabathini nasedwala.
- Okwenziwe: Yilezo ezidalwe kusukela esandleni somuntu. Banenhloso enkulu yokwakha imigwaqo, amadamu, ojantshi, imigoqo, njll.
Lapho kuhloselwe ukwakha ithambeka edamini kungaba edwaleni noma emhlabeni, kuyadingeka ukuthi ube nedizayini yangaphambilini enocwaningo olunemininingwane eminingi. Kumele ucabange nje ukuthi uma sakha ithambeka lokuqukatha amanzi echibini, umhosha kufanele ukwazi ukuxhasa isisindo samanzi ngaphandle kokuphuka. Ngaphandle kwalokho, uma idamu lihluleka, wonke amanzi angadubula futhi athinte inani labantu elingaphansi komfula.
Umklamo we-Slope kufanele ube nomkhawulo kanye nokuhlaziywa okuphelele. Owokuqala ukuthatha indawo yokwehluleka. Njengoba sazi, ebusweni bamaphutha kukhona izingxenye ezisebenza kakhulu ngokuzamazama komhlaba. Lokhu kungadala ukuzamazama komhlaba okucekela phansi imithambeka. Esinye sezici eziyisisekelo ekwakhiweni kwemithambeka yile ukusetshenziswa kwezinqubo ezahlukene zokumelana nezinto. Imithambeka yakhiwe ngezinto ezahlukene. Kufanele uqhathanise ukumelana kwento ngayinye naleyo eyakhiwe, uyivumelanise nanoma iyiphi indlela engahle yehluleke.
Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zokwehluleka kwemithambeka
Ukwehluleka emthambekeni kwenzeka ngokudilika kwenhlabathi kwenhlabathi. Lesi sisindo sisebenza njengomzimba oqinile oqinile oshelela eceleni kwephutha. Lokhu kungathinta ukuzinza kwethambeka ngezinga elikhulu. Sizohlaziya ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zokwehluleka:
- Ukwehluleka ngokudilika komhlaba okungajulile: lolu hlobo lwamaphutha luye futhi luye ngesimo sezulu nesimo sezulu esifundeni. Kulokhu, isimo sezulu sokuzivocavoca sibaluleke kakhulu lapho kwakhiwa umthambeka. Uma isimo sezulu sesifunda sinemvula enkulu, iba sengozini yokudilika komhlaba kaningi.
- Ukudilika komhlaba emithambekeni yemvelo endaweni ekhona ngaphambili yephutha: imvamisa kuba lula ukuthi amaphutha avele emithambekeni esevele yakhiwe ngamathambeka emithambekeni ngokwemvelo. Kwesinye isikhathi la madiphozithi atholakala kwezinye izinto ezinamathele ngokuqinile.
- Ukwehluleka ukunyakaza kweslope: yilezo ezenzeka ngokuhamba kwethambeka kungaba ngamanxusa ahlukahlukene angaphandle njengamanzi noma umoya.
- Ukuhluleka kokuzungezisa: yindawo egobile lapho ukunyakaza kwemithambeka kwenzeka khona.
- Ukwehluleka kokuhumusha: Kwenzeka ezindaweni ezibuthakathaka ngezinto zokwakha ezingazweli. Ubuso ngokuvamile buvundlile noma buthambeka kancane.
- Ukugeleza: Lokhu kugeleza kufana kakhulu noketshezi olubonakalayo njenge-lava noma uju futhi lungenzeka endaweni engenamvubelo.
- Ukwehluleka kokuguguleka komhlaba: Ukuhudula umoya okuqhubekayo namanzi kungadala ukuthi indawo ihluleke. Kumele kubhekwe ukuthi ukuze lokhu kwenzeke, isenzo salezi zimele geological kumele sibe namandla kakhulu futhi sandiswe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
- Ukwehluleka koketshezi: kwenzeka lapho inesimo esiqinile noma esincanyana kunaleso sokumiswa.
- Ukunikeza ukwehluleka kwamandla: kwenzeka lapho isakhiwo esinesisindo esikhudlwana sakhiwe ngaphezulu kwalokho okungathambekela emthambekeni.
Isizathu sokunyakaza
Lapho sibona ukunyakaza kwemithambeka kuyadingeka ukuthi sihlaziye kahle ukuthi ziyini izimbangela zako. Ake sibone ukuthi ziyini:
- Izitezi ezingazinzile: Bajwayele ukuthuthela ezansi okwenziwe ngamandla adonsela phansi noma amanye amandla noma imithwalo emikhulu kunomthamo wokubamba.
- Inhlabathi engahlanganisi: yilezo zinhlabathi eziyimbudumbudu yokuthungwa noma isihlabathi esihlanzekile lapho indawo engamaphutha iyisicaba. Imithambeka eyakhiwe kuma-massifs angahlangani izozinza inqobo nje uma i-slope angle ingaphansi kwe-angle of friction yangaphakathi yesihlabathi noma i-granular surface.
Imithambeka yemvelo iza ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Ayimithambeka angavamile ukufana noma ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa. Futhi azizinzile ngokwamakhemikhali futhi zivame ukuba yinhlabathi ehlanganiswe ngokweqile. Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zemithambeka engokwemvelo ukuthi baveza imifantu nemifantu eyakha amaphuzu abuthaka esakhiweni. Ngakho-ke, kuthiwa alunalo uhlobo oluthile lwe-stratification.
Inhlabathi lapho imithambeka yakhiwa khona kakhulu iyinhlabathi evulekile, inhlabathi emanzi, udaka oluxegayo olufakwa kubumba, inhlabathi enebumba elixegisiwe, nenhlabathi eqinile enodaka oluthambile. Emithambekeni yemvelo izimbangela zokuhamba zivame ngenxa yamaphuzu alandelayo:
- Isisindo senzuzo
- Ukwehla kokukhishwa kwempahla
- Khulisa i-porosity ngenxa yokuguguleka ngokweqile
- Ukwehla kweSheya
Lezi zimbangela ziyakhushulwa ngamanye ama-ejenti abeka phambili futhi alungiselele ukuslayida. Lawa ma-ejenti ukwakheka komhlaba, isimo sendawo, isimo sezulu, umjikelezo wamanzi, amandla adonsela phansi, umehluko emazingeni okushisa nohlobo lohlaza.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngamathambeka nezici zawo.