Ngenxa yobuchwepheshe kanye nentuthuko yesayensi maqondana nendawo yonke, isisize ukuba siguqule umbono womuntu. Kusukela ekucabangeni ukuthi siyisikhungo somkhathi kuya ekutholeni ukuthi yonke into ixhumene ne iwebhu ye-cosmic yemithala esabalale endaweni yonke. Futhi kungukuthi inethiwekhi ye-cosmic enesibopho semvelaphi yayo yonke imithala futhi isebenza njengokuxhumana phakathi kwayo.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi iyini i-cosmic web, yiziphi izici zayo nokuthi ixhuma kanjani yonke imithala esendaweni yonke.
Iyini iwebhu ye-cosmic
I-cosmic web isakhiwo esifana newebhu yesicabucabu esixhumanisa indawo yonke. Yaqala ukwakheka ngemva nje kweBig Bang, futhi kuyo kwakha imithala yokuqala.
Iwebhu ye-cosmic iqukethe imicu ye-hydrogen nezinto ezimnyama. Le nethiwekhi ixhuma zonke izakhi zendawo yonke ngokusebenzisa le micu efanayo. KANYEKusendaweni lapho imicu inqamula khona lapho kwakhiwa khona imithala.
Lona umqondo othize oyinkimbinkimbi ongawucabanga. Ukuze ukwazi ukwenza igrafu lokhu, umuntu kufanele acabange ngohlaka olujwayelekile, futhi yilokhu okufundwa yizazi zecosmologists, amandla okuguquguquka kwendawo yonke. Ukuhlelwa kwalesi sakhiwo kubonakala kulandela imodeli yezigaba, kuze kufike esikalini samaqoqo amakhulu nemicu. Yisakhiwo esikhulu kunazo zonke esingaqonda kuso indawo yonke.
Ngamafuphi, Uma bekufanele sicabange ngemephu yendawo yonke, bekungaba iwebhu ye-cosmic.. Esithombeni esingezansi, ungathola umbono wokuthi isakhiwo somzali lapho kwakhiwe khona imithala yokuqala. Lona umbono omuhle kakhulu okwamanje wesakhiwo esikhulu somkhathi wethu.
Njengoba ubona?
Leli ithimba lososayensi abavela emhlabeni wonke abasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obubili obuyisisekelo: i-Long-Range Telescope (VLT) kanye ne-European Southern Observatory's (ESO) Multiple Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE).
Ngala mathuluzi amabili, ososayensi bakwazi ukubona ukukhanya kwegesi eyenza imicu yenethiwekhi ye-cosmic. Kwadingeka babheke indawo yesibhakabhaka eyayijule kakhulu kunakuqala.
Bakwazile ukuthwebula isithombe esijulile esake sathathwa. Ngaphambi kwalokho, irekhodi laliphethwe nguHubble, okuthiwa yiHubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF). Lesi yisithombe esakhishwa eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-13 edlule, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-800 kuphela ngemva kwe-Big Bang.
Izithombe ezintsha ezitholakele manje zibonisa ukukhanya kwegesi ekhishwa imicu yesakhiwo, okungukuthi, sibona iqoqo lemithala kwakheka esikhathini esidlule. Kunjengokungathi sithole umfanekiso wengane wendawo yonke eminyakeni eyinkulungwane ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwayo.
Umkhathi manje uneminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-13.800. Okungukuthi, ukukhanya kwalolu xhaxha lwendawo yonke kuyinkathi edlule yendawo yonke, futhi kungukuzalwa kwawo wonke umthala.
Iwebhu ye-cosmic namandla adonsela phansi
Sekuyiminyaka, izazi zecosmologists zithuthukisa ukulingisa kwekhompiyutha kwesakhiwo sendawo yonke ukuze zenze "imodeli evamile ye-cosmology." Kwakho, usebenzise imisebe ye-cosmic microwave, noma imisebe evela kusizinda se-cosmic, njengendawo yokuqala. okuhambisana nokubhekwa kwendawo yonke ebonakalayo yasekuqaleni eqoqwe amathuluzi afana ne-Plack Space Observatory.
Izibalo zakhe zabonisa ukuthi njengoba indawo yonke ikhula futhi kwakheka, izinto zahlanganiswa amandla adonsela phansi zaba imicu namaqhuqhuva, njengolwembu olukhulu lwe-cosmic. Imiphumela emisha evela ku-10-m Keck Telescope eHawaii iwumphumela womzamo ohlanganyelwe wososayensi baseNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, e-Santa Cruz, kanye ne-Max Planck Institute for Astronomy e-Heidelberg, eJalimane. Bakha ukubonwa okuqondile kokuqala kwegesi ebandayo ehlobisa ubulwembu obunjalo bendawo yonke.
Inethiwekhi ephakanyiswe yi-Standard Model yakhiwe ikakhulukazi "indaba emnyama." Nakuba ingabonakali iyodwa, le nto eyinqaba idonsa amandla adonsela phansi ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo nasezintweni ezivamile eziseduze.
Izigaxa ezinkulu zento emnyama egobisa ukukhanya edlula eduze kwazo ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-gravitational lensing, eye yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ngaphambilini ukukala ukusatshalaliswa kwazo. Kodwa izinto ezimnyama ezikude kakhulu kunzima ukuzibona ngale ndlela, futhi umkhuhlane ovamile kunzima ukuwubona.
Kulokhu okusha okuphawuliwe, i-hydrogen ekhazimulayo ekhanyiswa i-quasar ekude iveza umcu ocashile wento emnyama edonselwa kuwo amandla adonsela phansi. Lena yindlela okutholwa ngayo imicu okwakhiwa ngayo i-cosmic web.
Into emnyama ilindeleke ukuba ibuse ubuningi futhi yakhe lezi zakhiwo, bese kuthi izinto ezijwayelekile, igesi, izinkanyezi, nakho konke okunye, zilolonge imicu nezakhiwo ezichazwa yi-dayiname yento emnyama. Ososayensi bathole imicu ngaphambili ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-gravitational lensing ebavumela ukuthi babone ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto ezimnyama.
Kwakhiwa kanjani?
Imithala ayihlakazeki ngokungahleliwe, kodwa kunalokho ivame ukunqwabelana ezinhlakeni ezinkulu ngenxa yethonya lamandla adonsela phansi. Ngesilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu, lezi zibalo zithatha uhlobo lwemicu enqamula kumanodi, ngaleyo ndlela kwakheka iwebhu ye-cosmic.
Iwebhu ye-cosmic yakhiwa ngenxa yethonya lezinto ezimnyama namandla amnyama, esesizibonile kakade ziyizingxenye ezimbili ezibalulekile zendawo yonke, nakuba ingxenye enkulu zingenakubonwa ngokuqondile. Izinto ezimnyama, ezingakhiphi noma zingabonisi ukukhanya, zisebenzisa amandla adonsela phansi abalulekile, asebenza “njenge-scaffolding” ukuze aqondise ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, njengezinkanyezi nemithala.
Imicu yewebhu ye-cosmic ziyimifudlana yezinto ezimnyama negesi, lapho izinto ezivamile zinqwabelana ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi. Kulezi zifunda, imithala ithola izimo ezifanele ukuze zakhe futhi ziguquke. Ama-node ewebhu ye-cosmic angamaphuzu okuphambana kwemicu eminingi, futhi kungala ma-node lapho inani elikhulu lezinto ligxila khona, kwakheka amaqoqo amakhulu emithala.
Lesi sakhiwo esifana nenethiwekhi sibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi umkhathi uhlelwe kanjani ngezinga elikhulu nokuthi izingxenye zawo ezihlukene zisebenzisana kanjani. Iwebhu ye-cosmic isebenza njengohlobo lohlaka lwamathambo oluxhuma yonke imithala, lunikeze izindlela zokuxhumana ezithinta amandla adonsela phansi eduze kwemicu yazo.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi iyini iwebhu ye-cosmic nokuthi yonke imithala ixhumeke kanjani.