Olunye lwezinhlelo zezintaba ezidume kakhulu emhlabeni, eziseYurophu, yi Izintaba ZaseSwitzerland. Kubhekwa njengezintaba ezinde kunazo zonke kulo lonke elaseYurophu futhi zifinyelela emazweni ayisishiyagalombili. Idlula e-Austria, France, Germany, Monaco, Switzerland, Slovenia, Italy naseLiechtenstein. Lezi zintaba zithatha indawo ebalulekile ekumajazini kwalawa mazwe, futhi amasiko amaningi aqhamuka kule ntaba.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela le ndatshana ukukutshela zonke izici, imvelaphi kanye nokwakheka komhlaba kwe-Swiss Alps.
Izici eziyinhloko
Indawo enezintaba inobuhle obumangazayo futhi iye yalolonga isiko lamazwe amaningi. Lezi zindawo zivela ezintabeni eziningi nasemadolobheni esifundeni futhi seziphenduke indawo ethandwa kakhulu izivakashi. Lezi zindawo zenza ukushibilika eqhweni, izintaba nokuqwala izintaba, futhi bathola izivakashi ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyikhulu unyaka ngamunye.
Eyokuqala itholakala ngokwendawo i-arc engaphezulu kwamakhilomitha angama-800 eningizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu. Isuka esifundeni iMedithera iye esifundeni i-Adriatic. Kubhekwa njengengqikithi yezinye izinhlelo zezintaba ezinjengeCarpathians kanye nama-Apennines. Phakathi kwazo zonke izintaba zalo, singathola iMatterhorn, iMonte Rosa Massif neDom. IMont Blanc iyisiqongo sayo esiphakeme kunazo zonke, kanti iMatterhorn mhlawumbe iyona eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuma kwayo. Zonke lezi zici zenza iSwitzerland Alps ibhekwe njengenye yezinhlelo zezintaba ezidume kakhulu emhlabeni.
Umsuka wegama elithi Alps sekucacile manje. Ingaqhamuka kuCeltic, okusho ukuthi mhlophe noma mude. Leli gama livela ngqo kwi-Latin Alps, lidlula eFrance. Kusuka ku- i-Paleolithic ephuzile kuze kube manje, yonke indawo ye-Alps ibe yindawo lapho izinhlanga eziningi zihlala khona. Esivumelwaneni ungabona ukuthi ubuKrestu buqhubekele phambili kanjani eYurophu kanye nezindela eziningi ezisungulwe entabeni. Ezinye zazo zakhiwe endaweni ephakeme futhi amadolobhana angakhula azungeze zona.
Umlando usitshela ukuthi ukungena kwezinye izifunda nezindawo zezenkolo, izintaba zaseSwitzerland zazibhekwa njengesithiyo esingenakunqotshwa. Ngenxa yama-avalchi amaningi nezindawo eziyimfihlakalo, zibhekwa njengezindawo eziyingozi. Kamuva ngekhulu le-XNUMX, ubuchwepheshe bungavumela ukuhlola nokucwaninga.
I-Geology yezintaba zaseSwitzerland
Lonke uhlelo lwezintaba ze-Alps lungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-1.200 3.500 ubude futhi lutholakala ngokuphelele ezwenikazi laseYurophu. Ezinye iziqongo zingaphezu kwamamitha angu-1.200 XNUMX ngaphezu kogu lolwandle futhi kunezinguzunga zeqhwa ezingaphezu kuka-XNUMX XNUMX. Izinga leqhwa lingamamitha angama-2400, ngakho-ke kunezindawo eziningi zokuvakasha kweqhwa. Lezi ziqongo zimbozwe unomphela ngeqhwa, zakha izinguzunga zeqhwa ezinkulu, futhi ubude buhlala ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-3.500 XNUMX. Inguzunga yeqhwa enkulu kunazo zonke yaziwa ngegama elithi Aletsch.
Kubhekwa njenge-nucleus yezinye izinhlelo zezintaba, njenge-pre-Alpine lapho kutholakala khona i-Jura mountain block. Ezinye izingxenye zezintaba zinabela eHungary, eSerbia, e-Albania, eCroatia, eBosnia naseHerzegovina, nasezingxenyeni ezithile zeMontenegro.
Ngokombono wokuma komhlaba, singahlukanisa lolu hambo lwezintaba lube yingxenye ephakathi, ingxenye yasentshonalanga, nengxenye esempumalanga. Kuzo zonke lezi zingxenye ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene noma iziqeshana zezintaba. Ngokwakheka komhlaba, futhi singahlukanisa iSouthern Swiss Alps, ehlukaniswe nezinye izifunda ngezigodi zaseValtelina, iPusteria neGailtal. Ngaseningizimu-ntshonalanga kune-Maritime Alps eduze noLwandle iMedithera, okwakha umngcele wemvelo phakathi kweFrance ne-Italy. Empeleni, Kuyaziwa ukuthi iMont Blanc iphakathi kweFrance ne-Italy futhi inenguzunga yeqhwa ende kunazo zonke eFrance. Ingxenye esentshonalanga yalezi zintaba inabela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeSwitzerland.
Eminye yemifula emikhulu ezwenikazi i-Europe, efana neRhone, iRhine, iHainaut kanye neDelaware, iqhamuka noma igeleze phakathi nezintaba i-Alps ize ingenele oLwandle Olumnyama, iMedithera neNorth Sea.
Umsuka nokwakheka kwezintaba zaseSwitzerland
Ngokuya ngosayizi webanga, ukwakheka kwalo kuyingxenye yokulandelana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemicimbi yokwakheka komhlaba. Ochwepheshe be-Geological bakholelwa ukuthi kuzothatha cishe iminyaka eyi-100 ukuqonda ubunzima bazo zonke izehlakalo zokwakheka komhlaba eziholela eSwitzerland Alps. Uma siyibuyisela kumsuka wayo, siyabona ukuthi okwangaphambili kwakhiwa ngenxa yokushayisana phakathi kwepuleti lase-Eurasian neplate yase-Afrika. Lezi zingqimba ezimbili ze-tectonic zidale ukungazinzi endaweni nasendaweni ephakeme. Le nqubo ithatha amabili noma ngaphezulu ukuqedela, ifaka isikhathi esihlala izigidi zeminyaka.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi konke lokhu kuhamba kwe-orogenic ekugcineni kwaqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-300 edlule. Amapuleti amaTectonic aqale ukushayisana ngasekupheleni kweCretaceous. Ukushayisana kwalezi zingqimba ezimbili ze-tectonic kudale ukuthi kuvalwe futhi kuthathwe indawo enkulu ehambelana nolwandle iTethys oluphakathi kwamapuleti amabili. Ukuvalwa nokuqothulwa kwenzeka eMiocene nase-Oligocene. Ososayensi bakwazile ukukhomba izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamatshe ezingamacwecwe amabili woqweqwe, yingakho kuvele ukuthi kube namandla ngokwanele ukuphakamisa umhlabathi nokwakha lolu hambo lwezintaba. Bakwazile ukuthola ezinye izingxenye zolwandle lwasendulo olwandle lwaseTethys.
Izimbali nezilwane
Inhloso enkulu yezokuvakasha yizimbali nezilwane ngaphezu kwamathafa amahle. Kunemvelo yemvelo njengamawa amakhulu, izigodi, izindawo ezinotshani, amahlathi, neminye imithambeka emikhulu. Ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa sekudale amachibi athile kanti nobuso bamanzi buzolile, obuthanda ukuthuthukiswa kwezimila nezilwane.
Kunokwehluka okukhulu kulezi zindawo. Ezinye izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zase-alpine izimbuzi zasentabeni noma izimbuzi zasendle. Kunezinye izilwane ezinjengezinhlwathi, izimbila, iminenke, amabhu nezinye izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla. Ngemuva kokuthi izimpisi, amabhere, ne-lynx zikhishwe empeleni ngenxa yokusongelwa ngabantu, babuyela eSwitzerland Alps. Ngenxa yokuvikelwa kwezinye izikhala zemvelo, kuba lula kubo.
E-flora sithola izindawo eziningi ezinotshani namahlathi asezintabeni, zinemiphini eminingi, ama-oki, ama-firs nezinye izimbali zasendle.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngeSwitzerland Alps nezimpawu zayo.