El I-Pico de Orizaba Itholakala phezulu eMexico naseNyakatho Melika. Kuyisiqongo esinentaba-mlilo esibe neziqhumane eziningi eziqinisekisiwe kuwo wonke umlando wayo. Inenani elikhulu lezinganekwane nezindaba ezithakazelisayo okufanele uzazi.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana ne-Orizaba peak, izici zayo, ukuqhuma nokunye okuningi.
Izici ze-Orizaba peak
NgesiNahuatl, igama lesiqongo se-Orizaba lithi Citlaltépetl, okusho ukuthi "intaba yezinkanyezi" noma "igquma lezinkanyezi". Ngokwenganekwane, unkulunkulu wama-Aztec uQuetzalcóatl wakhuphuka intaba-mlilo ngolunye usuku futhi waqala uhambo lwakhe oluya phakade. Emlandweni wayo kube neziqhumane eziqinisekisiwe ezingama-23 kanye nezimbili ezingapheli. I-Pico de Orizaba iyintaba ephakeme kunazo zonke kanye nentaba-mlilo eMexico naseNyakatho Melika. I-Pico de Orizaba yakhiwe phezu kwe-limestone kanye ne-slate ngesikhathi se-Cretaceous.
Lapho esephakathi nendawo, amalangabi ashisa umzimba wakhe ofayo, kodwa umphefumulo wakhe wathatha isimo se-quetzal endizayo kwaze kwaba yilapho, ibonakala ngaphansi, ibukeka njengenkanyezi ekhazimulayo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ama-Aztec ayibiza ngokuthi i-Citlaltépetlal volcano. I-Pico de Orizaba iyintaba ephakeme kunazo zonke kanye nentaba-mlilo eMexico naseNyakatho Melika. I-Global Volcano Programme ye-Smithsonian Institution ilinganisela ukuphakama kwayo ngamamitha angu-5.564, nakuba i-Geological Service yaseMexico ikubeka kumamitha angu-5.636 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Ngokwakhe, I-National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) iqinisekisa ukuthi intaba-mlilo inobude obungamamitha angu-5.610.
Itholakala ngokwendawo phakathi kwezifunda zaseVeracruz nasePuebla esifundeni esiseningizimu emaphakathi nezwe. Ibonwa ukusuka olwandle, ukwakheka kwayo kucishe kulingane futhi kuqukethe isiqongo esikhulu kanye ne-oval crater engamamitha angama-500 ububanzi kanye namamitha angama-300 ukushona. Iyingxenye ye-Transversal Volcanic Axis, isimiso sezintaba emaphethelweni aseningizimu ethafeni laseNyakatho Melika. Ingenye yezintaba-mlilo ezintathu zeqhwa eMexico, ikakhulukazi enyakatho nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga. Lezi zinqwaba zeqhwa zehle kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva nje.
Ukwakhiwa kwentaba-mlilo i-Pico de Orizaba
I-axis yentaba-mlilo enqamulayo iqukethe izintaba-mlilo ezimbalwa futhi iwumphumela wokuncishiswa (ukubhidlika) kwamapuleti e-Cocos kanye ne-Rivera ngaphansi kwepuleti laseNyakatho Melika. I-Pico de Orizaba yakheka phezu kwe-limestone kanye ne-shale phakathi nenkathi ye-Cretaceous, kodwa empeleni yakhiwa ingcindezi evela ku-magma eyatholwa phakathi kwemingcele yamapuleti.
Le stratovolcano yathuthukisa isimo sayo ngaphezu kwezigidi zeminyaka, okuye kwachazwa ngokuhlonza izigaba ezintathu ezihambisana ne-3 yamanje ye-superimposed stratovolcanoes, lapho ukwakhiwa nokucekelwa phansi kwakuvamile. Isigaba sokuqala saqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-1 edlule e-Middle Pleistocene, lapho yonke isisekelo sentaba-mlilo sithuthukiswa. Udaka oluphuma phakathi eMhlabeni lwaqina futhi lwakha i-Torrecillas stratovolcano, kodwa lwabhidlika uhlangothi olusenyakatho-mpumalanga lwaholela ekwakhekeni kwe-caldera eminyakeni engu-250.000 edlule.
Esigabeni sesibili, i-Espolón de Oro cone yavela enyakatho ye-Torrecillas crater futhi intaba-mlilo yaqhubeka ikhula ohlangothini olusentshonalanga. Lesi sakhiwo sabhidlika eminyakeni engaba ngu-16.500 XNUMX edlule, okwathi ngemva kwalokho kwaba nesigaba sesithathu: ukwakhiwa kwe-cone yamanje ngaphakathi komgodi omise okwesicathulo sehhashi oshiywe yi-Espolón de Oro. Kuphinde kukhulunywe ngesigaba sesine, esihlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwezinye zezindlu zodaka ezakhiwe ngesikhathi ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Espolón de Oro: iTecomate neColorado. Intaba-mlilo yamanje yahlanganiswa ngesikhathi se-Pleistocene kanye ne-Holocene epoch yakamuva, futhi umsebenzi wayo waqala ngokuphuma kwe-dacite lava eyakha izigaxa zayo eziphakeme.
Amarowu
Ukuqhuma kokugcina kwe-Pico de Orizaba kwaqala ngo-1846 futhi ayizange isebenze kusukela lapho. Emlandweni wayo kube neziqhumane eziqinisekisiwe ezingama-23 kanye nezimbili ezingapheli. Ama-Aztec aqopha izenzakalo ngo-1363, 1509, 1512 kanye no-1519-1528, futhi kunobufakazi bokunye ukuqhuma ngo-1687, 1613, 1589-1569, 1566 no-1175. Ngokusobala isenzakalo sokuqala esifakazelwe senzeka ngo-7530 BCE. C±40. Naphezu kokuba i-stratovolcano futhi ine-cone eyinhloko eyakhiwe ukuqhuma kweziqhumane, i-Pico de Orizaba ayingeni emlandweni njengenye yezintaba-mlilo ezicekela phansi kakhulu e-Mexico.
Izingxenye
Intaba-mlilo isungule imifula eminingana, okuhlanganisa imifula iCotaxtla, Jamapa, Blanco, kanye ne-Orizaba. Itholakala endaweni ebanda kancane, epholile ehlobo futhi kunemvula phakathi kwehlobo nobusika.
Ngokuqondene nezitshalo nezilwane, amahlathi e-coniferous agcwele, ikakhulukazi uphayini kanye ne- oyamel, kodwa futhi uzothola i-alpine scrub nama-zacatonales. Kuyikhaya lama- bobcat, ama-skunk, amagundane entaba-mlilo, nama-voles aseMexico.
Ungakwazi ukuzijwayeza imisebenzi ehlukene, okugqama kakhulu ukuhamba ngebhayisikili nezintaba. Icishe ibe yi-conical volcano ene-oval crater cishe engamamitha angama-480 x 410 ububanzi. I-crater inendawo engu-154.830 square metres kanye nokujula okungamamitha angu-300. Ukusuka esiqongweni ungabona ezinye izintaba ezifana ne-Iztaccíhuatl ne-Popocatépetl (izintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo), iMalinche ne-Cofre de Perote.
Izintaba-mlilo ziwumthombo omkhulu wamanzi emiphakathini eminingi. Izinguzunga zeqhwa ezintathu kweziyisihlanu e-Pico de Orizaba ziye zanyamalala eminyakeni engu-50 edlule, kwasala i-Jamapa Glacier kuphela, eqala ngamamitha angu-5,000 XNUMX ngaphezu kolwandle futhi iyiqhwa elikhulu kunawo wonke eMexico naseMelika Ephakathi.
Abacwaningi beCenter for Atmospheric Sciences yaseMexico baye baqinisekisa ukuthi imiphumela yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke ibilokhu ithinta isifunda sentaba-mlilo. Izinguzunga zeqhwa zezintaba-mlilo ezintathu eziphakeme kakhulu eMexico ziyashabalala. E-Iztaccíhuatl nase-Popocatépetl cishe akukho lutho olusele, kuyilapho i-Pico de Orizaba isendleleni efanayo yokunciphisa ukushuba nokunwetshwa kwayo. Kuwo wonke umlando wayo kube nokuqhuma okuqinisekisiwe okungu-23 kanye nokuqhuma okubili okungapheli, ukuqhuma kokugcina okwenzeka kusukela ngo-1846. Akubhekwa njengentaba-mlilo ebhubhisayo.
Ithini inganekwane ka-Pico de Orizaba?
Inganekwane yendawo ithi kudala, ngesikhathi sama-Olmec, kwakuhlala iqhawe elikhulu okuthiwa uNavalny. Ungowesifazane omuhle futhi onesibindi futhi uhlale ehambisana nomngane wakhe othembekile u-Ahuilizapan, okusho ukuthi "Orizaba", i-osprey enhle.
UNahuani kwadingeka abhekane nenye yezimpi ezinkulu futhi wanqotshwa. Umngane wakhe u-Ahui Lizapan wayethukuthele kakhulu, wenyukela phezulu esibhakabhakeni futhi wawela phansi kakhulu.
Ngethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nenani eliphakeme le-Orizaba nezici zalo.