Isiqithi sisiqwenga somhlaba esijikelezwe ngamanzi ngokwendalo, sincinci kwindawo kunelizwekazi kodwa sikhulu kunesiqithi. Iziqithi zixhaphake kakhulu kwijografi yehlabathi, zinemilo eyahlukeneyo, imbonakalo yomhlaba kunye nemvelaphi yejografi. Xa uninzi lwazo lufunyenwe kunye kwindawo enye yolwandle, zibizwa ngokuba zii-archipelagos. ijoloji iyacacisa indlela iziqithi ezakhiwe ngayo.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela indlela iziqithi ezenziwe ngayo, zeziphi iimpawu kunye neentlobo zazo.
zithini iziqithi
Ukwahlulwa kweziqithi kumazwekazi kudla ngokuchaphazela ubomi obukhula kuzo, nto leyo ephumela kwiintlobo zezilwanyana ezihlala zikho eziguqukayo ngokuzimeleyo kumaqabane azo akwilizwekazi. Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, ukuhlola kwabantu elwandle kuye kwaquka ukufumana iziqithi ezingaqondakaliyo.
Enyanisweni, ezi ziqithi bezikho kwingcinga yomntu ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ilizwe lonke liquka isiqithi esinye okanye ezingaphezulu eziqokelelwe ngokwezobupolitika, uninzi lwazo olwalufudula lusetyenziswa njengeendawo zentolongo okanye njengeendawo zokuqeqesha amajoni ezizwe awayemele aphile eyedwa.
Ngale ndlela, iziqithi ziye zafumana ixabiso elibalaseleyo lokomfuziselo kwiintsomi kunye namabali oncwadi ngamaxesha onke, ngokufuthi ibe yindawo engazange ibonwe apho ubuncwane kunye nezimangaliso zinokufunyanwa khona, kodwa zikwalahliwe kwaye zodwa njengamabali okuphukelwa kwenqanawa. Kwimibhalo yamandulo yesiGrike, ezi ziqithi zazikhe zahlala oothixo nezidalwa zasentsomini, njengegqwirha uCirce okanye uCalypso, intombi yeTitan Atlas.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Ngokubanzi, iziqithi zinezi mpawu zilandelayo:
- Ziquka isiqwenga somhlaba oqinileyo ojikelezwe ngamanzi macala onke. Oku kusenokuthetha ukuba usembindini wolwandle, umlambo, ichibi okanye ichibi.
- Ngokwemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe yoVavanyo lweMillennium Ecosystem assessment, mazibe ngaphezu kwe-0,15 square kilometers ngobukhulu kunye ne-2 yeekhilomitha ubuncinane ukusuka kumhlaba omkhulu. Ngaphaya koko, nangona kunjalo, zahluke kakhulu kwi-topography, imozulu, kunye nejografi, kodwa
- Iziqithi ezincinci zibizwa ngokuba ziziqithi kwaye azifane zibe nabemi. Kunoko, xa kubandakanyeke iziqithi ezininzi, zibizwa ngokuba zii<em>archipelagos.
- Esona siqithi sikhulu emhlabeni yiGreenland, enendawo emalunga ne-2.175 yezigidi zeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha, ebekwe kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki.
indlela iziqithi ezakhiwe ngayo
Iziqithi ziziphumo zeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokwakheka komhlaba. Ezinye zibangelwa yintaba-mlilo kunye/okanye imisebenzi yentlenga ezithi kancinane ziqokelele imathiriyeli de zibe lukhuni kwaye zenze amaqonga ommandla aqinileyo.
Ke, ngokwethiyori, akunakwenzeka ukuba iziqithi ezitsha zivele emva kotshintsho olukhulu lwetectonic okanye ugqabhuko-dubulo olukhulu lwangaphantsi kwamanzi. Nangona kunjalo, ezi nkqubo zihlala zithatha ixesha elide.
Ezinye iziqithi zibangelwa lutshintsho lwembali kumanqanaba olwandle, njengoko amanqanaba olwandle engasoloko efana nale siyibonayo namhlanje. Ukunyuka okanye ukuwa kwamanzi kunokugubungela okanye aveze iindawo ezipheleleyo zeshelufu yelizwekazi, ngokulandelanayo, ukwenza iziqithi okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, ukuzidibanisa nelizwe.
Iindidi zeziqithi
Imilambo emikhulu inokwenza iziqithi ezinentlenga, zenze i-deltas. Ukwahlulwa kweziqithi kusabela ngokuchanekileyo kwiindlela ezikhokelele ekubonakaleni kwazo. Ngoko sinokuthetha malunga:
isiqithi esikhulu. Ziyiindawo zeshelufu yelizwekazi, kwaye ke zinezinto ezifanayo, ukuthungwa okufanayo kwaye zibekwe kufutshane nonxweme, nangona zihlulwe kwilizwekazi ngamanzi angenzulu kakhulu (iimitha ezingama-200 ubunzulu). okanye ngaphantsi). Oku kwenzeka xa umgangatho wolwandle uphakama kwaye ukhukulise iindawo zomhlaba, "ukudala" iziqithi ngokuzahlula kwelinye ilizwekazi. Imizekelo yezi ntlobo zeziqithi zezi:
- Iziqithi zeMalvinas okanye iMalvinas, ezikuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki eMazantsi kunxweme lwaseArgentina.
- IGreenland, yohlulwe kuMntla Merika ngoLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki.
- IBritish Isles ngummandla waseBritani owahlulwe kwiYurophu ngoLwandle oluMntla kunye neChannel yesiNgesi.
Isiqithi sentaba-mlilo. Amatye e-volcanic ayenziwa ngenxa yeentaba-mlilo zangaphantsi kwamanzi ezigalela i-magma kunye nemathiriyeli yamatye angamanzi aphuma ngaphantsi komhlaba, apho athi aphole kwaye aqine de aphume emanzini. Zinokuba ziindidi ezintathu: ii-arcs zesiqithi kwiindawo zokuthotywa, iinduli ezisembindini wolwandle, kunye neendawo ezishushu ze-intraplate. Iziqithi ezinentaba-mlilo ngokwezelizwe zezona ziqithi zincinci kwaye azikho kuyo nayiphi na ishelufu yelizwekazi. Bangumzekelo woku:
- IAntilles, iqela leziqithi ezikuLwandle lweCaribbean.
- Isiqithi esikwiziqithi zaseHawaii, ezikuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki.
- Iziqithi zeGalapagos, kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki kude nonxweme lwase-Ecuador.
isiqithi esixubeneyo. Zisisiphumo sokudityaniswa kwenkqubo yentaba-mlilo kunye nelizwekazi, oko kukuthi, indibaniselwano yezi ntlobo zimbini zangaphambili. Bangumzekelo woku:
- Isiqithi esikuLwandle lweAegean, phakathi kweGrisi neTurkey.
- Iziqithi ezikummandla waseJapan.
Isiqithi saseCoral. Ezo zidala kwiilwandlekazi ezitshisayo kunye nezisezantsi njengesiphumo sokufumba kobutyobo bebhayoloji ye-coral: izidalwa zaselwandle zamandulo ezinamaqokobhe e-calcareous ayakwazi ukufikelela kumlinganiselo omkhulu. Xa zifakwe kumaqonga angaphantsi kwamanzi okanye iicones zentaba-mlilo, zidala iziqithi ezibonakalayo. iinkcukacha ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Iziqithi zaseMaldives, malunga neziqithi ze-1.200 zibekwe kuLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya, iikhilomitha ezingama-450 ukusuka kunxweme lwaseIndiya.
- Iziqithi zaseLos Roques, kude nonxweme lweCaribbean eVenezuela.
- Iziqithi zeChagos zimi kuLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya, iikhilomitha ezingama-500 kumazantsi eMaldives.
isiqithi sentlenga. Oku kuvela ekuqokeleleni kancinane kwemathiriyeli ngenxa yokuqukuqela kwemilambo emikhulu ethwala igrabile, udaka okanye isanti ngobuninzi. Xa ukuhamba kwamanzi kuncipha, izinto eziphathekayo zihlala kwaye ziqala ukwenza isiqithi, ngokuqhelekileyo sijikeleze i-delta yomlambo. Oku kwenzeka xa:
- Iziqithi ezikwi-Orinoco Delta kwimpuma yeVenezuela.
- Iziqithi ezikumlambo iGanges eIndiya.
- ISiqithi iMarajo, ekungeneni koMlambo iAmazon eBrazil, sesona siqithi sikhulu ehlabathini, esilingana neDenmark.
iziqithi zomlambo. Ezo zenziwe zizithintelo kumjelo osembindini womlambo, njengoko imbali yatshintshayo, yaveza imimango engaselunxwemeni kunye namaqonga njengeendawo zokubonisa kunye nodaka olunodaka.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela iziqithi ezenziwe ngayo kunye nokuba zeziphi iimpawu zazo.