La umxhuzulane ngamandla atsala izinto ezinobunzima omnye komnye. Amandla ayo axhomekeke kubunzima bento. Yenye yeendlela ezine ezaziwayo ezisisiseko sokusebenzisana kwimiba kwaye inokubizwa ngokuba "ngumxhuzulane" okanye "unxibelelwano lomxhuzulane." Umxhuzulane ngamandla esiwavayo xa umhlaba utsalela izinto eziwujikelezayo ukuya embindini wawo, kanye njengamandla abangela ukuba izinto ziwe. Ikwajongene neeplanethi ezijikeleza ilanga, nangona zikude nelanga, zisatsaleleka kubunzima balo.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba yintoni umxhuzulane, zeziphi iimpawu zayo kunye nokubaluleka.
Yintoni umxhuzulane kwaye wafunyanwa njani
Ukuqina kwala mandla kuhambelana nesantya seeplanethi: iiplanethi ezikufutshane nelanga zikhawuleza kwaye Iiplanethi ezikude elangeni zicotha. Oku kubonisa ukuba umxhuzulane ungamandla kwaye, nangona uchaphazela izinto ezinkulu kakhulu nakwimigama emide, amandla awo ayancipha njengoko izinto zisuka kwenye.
Ingcamango yokuqala yomxhuzulane yavela kwisithandi sobulumko esingumGrike uAristotle. Ukususela kumzuzu wokuqala, abantu baye baqonda ukuba xa kungekho mandla okubaxhasa, izinto ziyawa. Nangona kunjalo, akuzange kube yinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC. C. ukuba uphononongo olusesikweni lwemikhosi eyayiza "kuwahlisa" yaqala. C, xa isithandi sobulumko esingumGrike uAristotle sachaza ingcamango yokuqala.
Ngokombono wayo jikelele, umhlaba uyindawo ephakathi kwendalo yonke kwaye, ngoko ke, i-protagonist yamandla angabonakaliyo, ekhanga yonke into. La mandla ayebizwa ngokuba yi "gravitas" ngamaxesha amaRoma kwaye ayenxulumene nengqiqo yobunzima, kuba ayengahluli phakathi kobunzima kunye nobunzima bezinto ngelo xesha.
Ezi ngcamango kamva zatshintshwa ngokupheleleyo nguCopernicus noGalileo Galilei. Nangona kunjalo, nguIsaac Newton oweza negama elithi "gravitation." Ngelo xesha, umzamo wokuqala osesikweni wokulinganisa umxhuzulane wenziwa kwaza kwaveliswa ithiyori ebizwa ngokuba ngumthetho womxhuzulane wendalo iphela.
Umxhuzulane ulinganiswa ngokusekelwe kwimpembelelo yayo, eyiyo isantya osiprintayo kwizinto ezihambayo, umzekelo, izinto ekwindla yasimahla. Kumphezulu womhlaba, oku kukhawuleziswa kubalwa malunga ne-9.80665 m / s2, kwaye eli nani linokwahluka kancinci ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yethu kunye nokuphakama.
IiYunithi zoMlinganiselo
Ilinganisa ukukhawuleza kwento etsalwa kwenye into enobunzima obukhulu.
Ngokuxhomekeke kwinto ofuna ukuyifunda, umxhuzulane ulinganiswa ngobukhulu obubini obahlukeneyo:
- Ukomelela: Xa kulinganiswa njengamandla, iNewton (N) iyasetyenziswa, eyiyunithi yeNkqubo yeZizwe ngeZizwe (SI) enika imbeko kuIsaac Newton. Umxhuzulane ngamandla aviwayo xa enye into itsalwa kwenye.
- Ukukhawulezisa. Kwezi meko, yenza umlinganiselo wokukhawulezisa ofunyenweyo xa into ethile itsalwa kwenye into. Ngenxa yokuba isantya, iyunithi m / s2 isetyenziswa.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kunikwe izinto ezimbini, ubunzima obuviwa yinto nganye bufana ngenxa yomgaqo wesenzo kunye nokusabela. Umahluko kukukhawulezisa, kuba ubunzima buhlukile. Ngokomzekelo, amandla asetyenziswa ngumhlaba emizimbeni yethu alingana namandla asetyenziswa ngumzimba wethu emhlabeni. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba ubunzima bomhlaba bukhulu kakhulu kunobunzima bomzimba wethu, umhlaba awuyi kunyuka isantya okanye ushukume konke konke.
Yintoni umxhuzulane kubumatshini beklasiki
Umxhuzulane ubalwa kusetyenziswa umthetho kaNewton womxhuzulane wendalo iphela. Umxhuzulane kubuxhakaxhaka beklasikhi okanye iNewtonian ulandela ifomula yobuchule kaNewton, ejongene namandla kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo kwisakhelo esimiselweyo sereferensi esiyimfuneko. Lo mxhuzulane iyasebenza kwiinkqubo zokuphonononga ezinertial, ezithathwa njengesiqhelo ngeenjongo zophando.
Ngokobuchwephesha beklasiki, umxhuzulane umiselwa ngolu hlobo:
- Amandla ahlala ekhangayo.
- Imele umda ongenasiphelo.
- Ibonisa amandla anxulumeneyo odidi oluphakathi.
- Okukhona ukusondela emzimbeni, kokukhona ukuqina, kwaye okukhona kusondele, kokukhona kubuthathaka.
- Ibalwa kusetyenziswa umthetho kaNewton womxhuzulane wendalo iphela.
Lo mthetho wendalo ubaluleke kakhulu kufundo lweziganeko ezininzi zendalo ehlabathini nakwindalo iphela. Ithiyori kaNewton yomxhuzulane wendalo iphela kwaye ijongwa ziingcali zefiziksi zaseBritane. Nangona kunjalo, eyona theory ipheleleyo yomxhuzulane yacetywa nguEinstein kwithiyori yakhe edumileyo yonxulumano.
Ithiyori kaNewton luqikelelo lwethiyori kaEinstein, ebaluleke kakhulu xa ufunda ummandla wesithuba apho umxhuzulane umkhulu kakhulu kunoko sikufumana eMhlabeni.
Ngokuhambelana nee-relativistic mechanics kunye ne-quantum mechanics
Ngokobuxhakaxhaka bobuxhakaxhaka bezinto, umxhuzulane sisiphumo sokuguquguquka kwexesha lesithuba. I-relativistic mechanics ye UEinstein waphula ingcamango kaNewton kwiindawo ezithile, ngakumbi ezo zisebenzayo kuqwalaselo lwesithuba. Ekubeni yonke indalo iphela ihamba, imithetho yamandulo iyaphelelwa ngamandla kumgama ophakathi kweenkwenkwezi yaye akukho ndawo ibhekisela kuyo yonke indawo nezinzileyo.
Ngokobuxhakaxhaka be-relativistic, umxhuzulane awukho nje ngokudibana phakathi kwezinto ezimbini ezinkulu xa zisondelelene, kodwa ngenxa yoguquko lwejiyometri yexesha lesithuba okubangelwa bubunzima beenkwenkwezi. Oku kuthetha ukuba umxhuzulane unokuchaphazela nemozulu.
Okwangoku akukho ithiyori yequantum yomxhuzulane. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-subatomic particle physics ejongene ne-quantum physics yahluke kakhulu kwiinkwenkwezi ezinkulu kakhulu kunye nethiyori yomxhuzulane edibanisa ihlabathi ezimbini (quantum kunye nerelativistic).
Iithiyori ziye zacetyiswa ukuba ilinge ukwenza oku, ezifana loop quantum gravity, ithiyori ye-superstring okanye ithiyori yobuninzi be-torsion. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nanye kuzo enokuqinisekiswa.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni umxhuzulane kunye nokubaluleka kwawo kwisayensi.