Yintoni inkunkuma yendawo

Inkunkuma yasesithubeni okanye inkunkuma yasemajukujukwini ngawo nawuphi na umatshini okanye inkunkuma eshiywe ngabantu esithubeni. Inokubhekisa kwizinto ezinkulu, ezinje ngeesathelayithi ezifileyo ezingaphumelelanga okanye ezishiywe zijikeleza ekupheleni kwemishini yazo. Isenokuthi ibhekisele kwinto encinci, njengeqhekeza lenkunkuma okanye ipeyinti ewele kwirokethi. Abantu abaninzi abazi yintoni inkunkuma yendawo.

Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba yintoni inkunkuma yendawo, zeziphi iimpawu zayo kunye nemiphumo yayo.

Yintoni inkunkuma yendawo

Xa sithetha ngendawo sikholisa ukucinga ngeziphekepheke, iisathelayithi kunye neerokethi, kodwa ngaba ukhe wacinga ngenkunkuma eziyivelisayo? Iphelela phi inkunkuma evela emajukujukwini? Inkunkuma yasesithubeni yiyo yonke inkunkuma elahlwayo yaza yashiywa ngabantu esithubeni. Le nkunkuma isuka eMhlabeni kwaye inokwahluka ngobukhulu, ukusuka kwithontsi lamanzi emvula ukuya kumthamo wesithuthi okanye nakwisathelayithi.

Obu buncwane buhamba ngesantya esiphezulu kwaye buhlala kwiatmosfera yoMhlaba iminyaka de buqhekeke, buqhume, bungqubane nezinye izinto, okanye buwe kumjikelezo.

Kwada kwaba ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1950 apho abantu baqalisa ukuphehlelela iirokethi neziphekepheke emajukujukwini. Ngelo xesha akukho mntu wayezibuza ukuba kuya kwenzeka ntoni xa ubomi babo obuluncedo buphelile.

Okwangoku, kukho amasuntswana kunye neziqwenga ezijikeleze i-orbit yethu kunye nezo zezinye iiplanethi ezibeka ingozi kunxibelelwano kunye nemisebenzi eqhubekayo eMhlabeni.

iintlobo zenkunkuma yendawo

I-Arhente yaseYurophu yaseSpain ihlela inkunkuma yendawo ibe ziindidi ezintathu:

• umthwalo oluncedo. Zezo nxalenye zeenyanga ezishiyekileyo emva kokungqubana okanye ngenxa yokuwohloka komzimba ngokuhamba kwexesha.
• Iintsalela zomzimba zemishini yexesha elidlulileyos zikwasisiphumo sokungqubana okanye ukuwohloka ekuhambeni kweminyaka.
• Izinto ezilahlekileyo kwimishini. Le yimeko yeentambo, izixhobo, izikrufu, njl.

Ngenxa yobungakanani benkunkuma yendawo, kukho olunye ulwahlulo:

• Ilinganisa ngaphantsi kwe-1 cm. Kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho inani elikhulu lamaqhekeza alo bukhulu, kwaye uninzi lunzima okanye alunakwenzeka ukufunyanwa.
• Ilinganisa phakathi kwe-1 kunye ne-10 cm. Inokuba naphi na ukusuka kubukhulu bebhastile ukuya kubukhulu bebhola yentenetya.
• Ubungakanani bukhulu kune-10 cm. Kweli candelo uya kufumana izinto kunye nezixhobo ezilahlekileyo kwimishini yangaphambili, kunye neenyanga ezilahlekileyo neziyekiweyo.

Iimbangela zenkunkuma yendawo

Inkunkuma yendawo ivela:

• Iisathelayithi ezingasebenziyo. Xa iibhetri ziphelelwa okanye zisilela, zindanda ngokungenanjongo emajukujukwini. Ekuqaleni, kwakucingelwa ukuba baya kutshatyalaliswa ekungeneni kwakhona, kodwa kwi-orbit ephezulu oku kwafunyaniswa ukuba akunakwenzeka.
• Izixhobo ezilahlekileyo. Ezinye iindawo zesixhobo zilahlekile esithubeni. Ngo-2008, usomajukujuku uStefanyshyn-Piper washiya ngasemva ibhokisi yesixhobo. Emva konyaka, yaqhekeka emva kokudibana nomoya.
• Iirokhethi okanye iinxalenye zerokhethi
• Ngeminyaka yoo-1960 kunye no-1970, iUnited States kunye neSoviet Union zalinga izixhobo ezichasene nesatellite.

Iingozi ezinkulu zivela kwiindawo ezincinci. I-Micrometeorites, njengentsalela yepeyinti okanye amathontsi e-antifreeze eqinileyo, inokonakalisa iiphaneli zelanga zeesathelayithi ezisebenzayo ngoku.

Kukwakho nemikhondo yepetroli eqiniswe sisithuba, esengozini yokuvutha. Ukuba oku kuyenzeka, isiphumo siya kuba kukusasazeka kwezinto ezingcolisa umoya ojikeleze umhlaba.

Ezinye iisathelayithi zixhotyiswe ngeebhetri zenyukliya, eziqulathe imathiriyeli ene-radioactive ephezulu enokonakalisa umhlaba ukuba zibuyela eMhlabeni. Nangeyiphi ndlela, uninzi lwenkunkuma yendawo iya kubola ngenxa yobushushu obuphezulu emva kokungena kwi-atmosfera, kwaye kunzima kakhulu ukuba inkunkuma ingene emoyeni kwaye ibangele umonakalo omkhulu.

Izisombululo ezinokwenzeka

Isisombululo esiphambili asikokuvelisa olu hlobo lwenkunkuma. Amakhaka e-Whipple aqala ukusetyenziswa, aneqokobhe langaphandle ukukhusela iindonga zenqanawa ekuchaphazelekeni.

Ezinye iingcebiso:

• Ukwahluka kwe-Orbit
• Ukuzitshabalalisa satellite. Kumalunga nokucwangcisa iisathelayithi ukuze, nje ukuba umsebenzi wazo ugqityiwe, zitshatyalaliswe xa zifikelela kwiatmosfera.
• Susa umbane wesathelayithi ukunciphisa umngcipheko wogqabhuko-dubulo.
• Phinda usebenzise ezo roketi zibuyele emhlabeni ziphelele.
• Sebenzisa i-laser ukumisa inkunkuma.
• Inkunkuma yasesithubeni yajika yaba yimpahla ezinzileyo

Ngo-2018, umculi waseDatshi, ngoncedo lwe-NASA kunye nenkxaso ye-European Space Agency, wayefuna iindlela zokuguqula le nkunkuma ibe yinto ezinzileyo kwaye ibonise ilebhu ye-debris yendawo.

Iziphumo

Ngokutsho kwe-ESA, kukho iziganeko ze-debris ezingaphezu kwe-560 ukususela ngo-1961, uninzi lwazo olubangelwa ukuqhuma kwamafutha akhoyo kwizigaba ze-rocket. Zisixhenxe kuphela eziye zenzeka ngenxa yongquzulwano oluthe ngqo, olukhulu lwaphela ekutshatyalalisweni kwesathelayithi yaseRashiya engasekhoyo iKosmos 2251 kunye nesathelayithi ye-Iridium 33 esebenzayo.

Nangona kunjalo, owona mngcipheko mkhulu uvela kumaqhekeza amancinci. I-Micrometeorites, efana neetshiphusi zepeyinti okanye amathontsi aqinisiweyo e-antifreeze, anokonakalisa uluhlu lwelanga lwesathelayithi esebenzayo. Omnye umngcipheko omkhulu ziintsalela zamafutha aqinileyo, adada esithubeni kwaye anokutsha kakhulu, akwazi ukwenza umonakalo nokusasaza ungcoliseko kwi-atmosfera xa kuthe kwakho ugqabhuko-dubulo.

Ezinye iisathelayithi zaseRussia zineebhetri zenyukliya eziqulethe imathiriyeli yeradioactive enokosuleleka kakhulu ukuba ibuyela eMhlabeni. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, uninzi lwenkunkuma yendawo engena kwi-atmosfera itshatyalaliswa bubushushu obuveliswa ngexesha lokungena kwakhona. Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, amaqhekeza amakhulu anokufikelela kumphezulu kwaye abangele umonakalo omkhulu.

Njengoko ubona, abantu bebengcolisa indawo ukususela ekuqaleni kokuphononongwa kwendawo. Asivelisi inkunkuma kuphela kumphezulu weplanethi, kodwa singcolisa nesithuba esingekasilawuli. Siyathemba ukuba ulwazi luya kwanda ukuze yonke imisebenzi yendawo ibandakanye iinkqubo zokubuyisela yonke inkunkuma.

Ngolu lwazi uya kukwazi ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nenkunkuma yendawo kunye neziphumo zayo.